08-数据库相关的安全问题
本节介绍一些常见的数据库安全问题,这些问题大多数是由于账号的管理不当造成的。希望读者读完本节后能够认识到账号管理的重要性,同时加强对账号管理的安全意识。
1.删除匿名账号
在某些版本中,安装完毕MySQL后,会自动安装一个空账号,此账号具有对test数据库的全部权限,如下所示:
[zzx@bj34 zzx]$ mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 56064 to server version: 4.1.13-standard-log
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from user \G;
……
2. row
Host: localhost
User:
Password:
Select_priv: N
Insert_priv: N
Update_priv: N
Delete_priv: N
Create_priv: N
Drop_priv: N
Reload_priv: N
Shutdown_priv: N
Process_priv: N
File_priv: N
Grant_priv: N
References_priv: N
Index_priv: N
Alter_priv: N
Show_db_priv: N
Super_priv: N
Create_tmp_table_priv: N
Lock_tables_priv: N
Execute_priv: N
Repl_slave_priv: N
Repl_client_priv: N
ssl_type:
ssl_cipher:
x509_issuer:
x509_subject:
max_questions: 0
max_updates: 0
max_connections: 0
…
mysql> select * from db \G;
1. row
Host: %
Db: test
User:
Select_priv: Y
Insert_priv: Y
Update_priv: Y
Delete_priv: Y
Create_priv: Y
Drop_priv: Y
Grant_priv: N
References_priv: Y
Index_priv: Y
Alter_priv: Y
Create_tmp_table_priv: Y
Lock_tables_priv: Y
普通用户只需要执行mysql命令即可登录MySQL数据库,这个时候默认使用了空用户,可以在test数据库里面做各种操作,比如可以创建一个大表,占用大量磁盘空间,这样将给系统造成安全隐患,如下所示:
[zzx@bj34 zzx]$ mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 56073 to server version: 4.1.13-standard-log
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> use test
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table t1(id int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 values(1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
建议删除此空账号,或者对此账号加密码:
[zzx@bj34 zzx]$ mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 56074 to server version: 4.1.13-standard-log
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> drop user ''@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
[zzx@bj34 zzx]$ mysql
'ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'zzx'@'localhost' (using password: NO)
2.给root账号设置口令
MySQL安装完毕后,root的默认口令为空,需要马上修改root口令:
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql -uroot
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 15
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> set password=password('newpassword');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
不写密码登录将被拒绝:
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql -uroot
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO)
3.设置安全密码
密码的安全体现在以下两个方面:
设置安全的密码,建议使用6位以上字母、数字、下划线和一些特殊字符组合而成的字符串;
使用上的安全,使用密码期间尽量保证使用过程安全,不会被别人窃取。
第一点就不说了,越长、越复杂、越没有规律的密码越安全。对于第二点,可以总结一下,在日常工作中,使用密码一般是采用以下几种方式。
(1)直接将密码写在命令行中:
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql -uroot -p123
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
(2)交互式方式输入密码:
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql>
(3)将用户名和密码写在配置文件里面,连接的时候自动读取。比如应用连接数据库或者执行一些批处理脚本。对于这种方式,MySQL供了一种方法,在my.cnf里面写入连接信息:
[client]
user=username
password=password
然后对配置文件进行严格的权限限制,例如:
chmod +600 my.cnf
以上是3种常见的密码使用方式。很显然,第1种最不安全,因为它将密码写成为明文;第2种比较安全,但是只能使用在交互式的界面下;第3种使用比较方便,但是需要将配置文件设置严格的存取权限,而且任何只要可以登录操作系统的用户都可以自动登录,存在一定的安全隐患。
第3种方法通常使用不多,下面举一个例子。
输入mysql无法登录。
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO)
修改配置文件,加入连接信息。
[root@localhost zzx]# vi /etc/my.cnf
…
[client]
user=root
password=123
重启数据库后,输入mysql。
[root@localhost zzx]# service mysql restart
Shutting down MySQL.[ OK ]
Starting MySQL[ OK ]
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> select current_user();
+----------------+
| current_user() |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.只授予账号必需的权限
只需要赋予普通用户必需的权限,比如:
Grant select,insert,update,delete on tablename to 'username'@'hostname';
在很多情况下,DBA由于图方便,而经常赋予用户 all privileges权限,这个 all privileges到底具体包含哪些权限呢?来看下面的例子:
mysql> grant all privileges on test1.* to 'z1'@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from db where user='z1' \G;
1. row
Host: localhost
Db: test1
User: z1
Select_priv: Y
Insert_priv: Y
Update_priv: Y
Delete_priv: Y
Create_priv: Y
Drop_priv: Y
Grant_priv: N
References_priv: Y
Index_priv: Y
Alter_priv: Y
Create_tmp_table_priv: Y
Lock_tables_priv: Y
Create_view_priv: Y
Show_view_priv: Y
Create_routine_priv: Y
Alter_routine_priv: Y
Execute_priv: Y
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
all privileges里面的权限远远超过了我们一般应用所需要的权限。而且,有些权限如果误操作,将会产生非常严重的后果,比如 drop_priv 等。因此,赋予用户权限的时候越具体,则对数据库越安全。
5.除root外,任何用户不应有mysql库user表的存取权限
由于MySQL中可以通过更改mysql数据库的user表进行权限的增加、删除、变更等操作,因此,除了root以外,任何用户都不应该拥有对user表的存取权限(SELECT、UPDATE、INSERT、DELETE等),否则容易造成系统的安全隐患。下例中对普通用户z3授予了user表的存取权限,看看会对系统产生了怎样的安全隐患。
(1)创建普通用户z3,拥有对mysql数据库中user表的各种权限。
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql -uroot -pabc
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 36
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> grant select,update,insert,delete on mysql.user to z3@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
(2)用z3来更新root权限。
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql -uz3
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 37
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> update user set password=password('abcd') where user='root' and host='localhost';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
(3)当数据库重启或者root刷新权限表后,root登录时密码已经被更改。
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql -uroot –pabc
Enter password:
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql -uroot –pabcd
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 40
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> exit
6.不要把FILE、PROCESS或SUPER权限授予管理员以外的账号
FILE权限主要有以下两种作用。
将数据库的信息通过SELECT…INTO OUTFILE…写到服务器上有写权限的目录下,作为文本格式存放。具有权限的目录也就是启动MySQL时的用户权限目录。
可以将有读权限的文本文件通过LOAD DATA INFILE…命令写入数据库表,如果这些表中存放了很重要的信息,将对系统造成很大的安全隐患。
在下例中详细描述了FILE权限可能造成的隐患。
(1)连接数据库并创建测试表t。
[root@localhost zzx]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 43
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> create table t1 (name varchar(500));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
(2)将/etc/passwd文件加载到表t1中。
mysql> load data infile '/etc/passwd' into table t1;
Query OK, 35 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 35 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0
(3)查看表t1的内容。
mysql> select * from t1;
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| name |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash |
| bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin |
| daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin|
| adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin |
| lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin |
| sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync |
| shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown |
| … |
||
| oracle:x:501:502::/home/oracle:/bin/bash |
| zzx:x:502:503::/home/zzx:/bin/bash |
| mysql:x:102:102:MySQL server:/var/lib/mysql:/bin/bash |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
35 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这样,重要的用户信息/etc/passwd内容将被写入表t1,造成系统安全隐患。
PROCESS权限能被用来执行“show processlist”命令,查看当前所有用户执行的查询的明文文本,包括设定或改变密码的查询。在默认情况下,每个用户都可以执行“show processlist”命令,但是只能查询本用户的进程。因此,对PROCESS权限管理不当,有可能会使得普通用户能够看到管理员执行的命令。
下例中对普通用户赋予了PROCESS权限,来看看会造成什么安全隐患。
(1)将PROCESS权限授予普通用户:
[zzx@localhost~]$ mysql -uroot -p
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 51
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> show processlist;
mysql> grant process on . to 'z1'@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
(2)锁定表user,可以让进程阻塞,以方便用户看到进程内容:
mysql> lock table user read;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
(3)打开另外一个session,用root执行修改密码操作,此时因为user表被锁定,此进程被阻塞挂起:
[zzx@localhost~]$ mysql -uroot -p
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 51
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> set password=password('123');
(4)打开第 3个 session,用 z1登录,执行 show processlist语句:
[zzx@localhost~]$ mysql -uz1
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 59
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> show processlist;
+----+------+----------+------+--------+-----+-------+------------------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command| Time| State | Info |
+----+------+----------+------+--------+-----+-------+------------------------------+
| 51 | root | localhost | mysql| Query | 157 | Locked | set password= password('123') |
| 58 | root | localhost| mysql| Sleep | 341|| NULL|
| 59 | z1 | localhost | NULL | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist |
+----+------+----------+------+--------+-----+--------+-----------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以发现,z1显示的进程中清楚地看到了root的修改密码操作,并看到了明文的密码,这将对系统造成严重的安全隐患。
SUPER权限能执行kill命令,终止其他用户进程。在下面的例子中,普通用户拥有了SUPER权限后,便可以任意kill任何用户的进程。
(1)z1登录后想kill掉root修改密码进程(进程号51):
[zzx@localhost~]$ mysql -uz1
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 59
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> show processlist;
+----+------+----------+------+---------+------+--------+---------------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
+----+------+----------+------+---------+------+--------+---------------------------+
| 51 | root | localhost| mysql| Query | 157 | Locked | set password=password('123')|
| 58 | root | localhost | mysql| Sleep | 341 | | NULL |
| 59 | z1 | localhost | NULL | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist |
+----+------+----------+------+---------+------+--------+---------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> kill 51;
ERROR 1095 (HY000): You are not owner of thread 51
mysql>
(2)kill失败后,root将super权限赋予z1:
mysql> grant super on . to z1@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show grants for z1@localhost;
+-------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for z1@localhost |
+-------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT PROCESS, SUPER ON . TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
+-------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(3)重新 kill root的进程成功:
[zzx@localhost~]$ mysql -uz1
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 60
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> show processlist;
+----+------+-----------+-------+--------+------+-------+---------------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db |Command| Time | State | Info |
+----+------+-----------+-------+--------+------+-------+---------------------------+
| 51 | root | localhost | mysql | Query | 23 |Locked |set password= password('123')|
| 58 | root | localhost | mysql | Sleep | 26 | | NULL |
| 60 | z1 | localhost | NULL | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist |
+----+------+-----------+-------+---------+------+-------+--------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> kill 51;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
从上面的例子中,可以看到了FILE、PROCESS、SUPER三个管理权限可能带来的安全隐患,因此,除了管理员外,不要把这些权限赋予普通用户。
7.LOAD DATA LOCAL带来的安全问题
LOAD DATA默认读的是服务器上的文件,但是加上LOCAL参数后,就可以将本地具有访问权限的文件加载到数据库中。这在带来方便的同时,也带来了以下安全问题。
可以任意加载本地文件到数据库。
在Web环境中,客户从Web服务器连接,用户可以使用LOAD DATA LOCAL语句来读取Web服务器进程有读访问权限的任何文件(假定用户可以运行SQL服务器的任何命令)。在这种环境中,MySQL服务器的客户实际上是Web服务器,而不是连接Web服务器的用户运行程序。
解决方法是,可以用--local-infile=0选项启动 mysqld从服务器端禁用所有 LOAD DATA LOCAL命令。
对于mysql命令行客户端,可以通过指定--local-infile[=1]选项启用LOAD DATA LOCAL,或通过--local-infile=0选项禁用。类似地,对于mysqlimport,--local或 -L选项启用本地数据文件装载。在任何情况下,成功进行本地装载需要服务器启用相关选项。
8.使用MERGE存储引擎潜藏的安全漏洞
MERGE存储引擎的表在某些版本中可能存在以下安全漏洞:
用户A赋予表T的权限给用户B;
用户B创建一个包含T的MERGE表,做各种操作;
用户A收回对T的权限。
存在的安全隐患是用户B通过MERGE表仍然可以访问表A中的数据。下面的例子描述了这个过程。
(1)用root创建用户z1,拥有数据库test1的所有权限:
mysql> grant all privileges on test1.* to z1@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
(2)z1登录后创建表t2并插入测试数据:
mysql> create table t2 (id int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t2 values(2);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
(3)z1在t1和t2上创建MERGE表:
mysql> create table t12 (id int) engine=merge union=(t1,t2);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from t12;
+------+
| id |
+------+
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 2 |
+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(4)root收回z1在表t1上的所有权限:
mysql> revoke all privileges on test1.t1 from z1@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show grants for z1@localhost;
+----------------------------------------+
| Grants for z1@localhost|
+----------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON . TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
+----------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(5)z1通过t12依然能够访问t1的数据:
[root@localhost test1]# mysql -uz1
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 21
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> use test1
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_test1 |
+-----------------+
| t12 |
| t2 |
+-----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t2;
+------+
| id |
+------+
| 2 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t12;
+------+
| id |
+------+
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 2 |
+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
9.DROP TABLE命令并不收回以前的相关访问授权
DROP表的时候,其他用户对此表的权限并没有被收回,这样导致重新创建同名的表时,以前其他用户对此表的权限会自动赋予,进而产生权限外流。因此,在删除表时,要同时取消其他用户在此表上的相应权限。
下面的例子说明了不收回相关访问授权的隐患。
(1)用root创建用户z1,授予对test1下所有表的select权限:
mysql> grant select on test1.* to z1@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show grants for z1@localhost;
+-----------------------------------------------+
| Grants for z1@localhost |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON . TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
| GRANT SELECT ON 'test1'.* TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
+-----------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(2)z1登录,测试权限:
[root@localhost test1]# mysql -uz1
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 43
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> use test1
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_test1 |
+-----------------+
| t1|
| t12|
| t2|
+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(3)root登录,删除表t1:
[root@localhost test1]# mysql -uroot
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO)
[root@localhost test1]# mysql -uroot -p123
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 45
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> use test1
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> drop table t1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
(4)z1登录,再次测试权限:
[root@localhost test1]# mysql -uz1
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 46
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> use test1
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_test1 |
+-----------------+
| t12 |
| t2 |
+-----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(5)此时t1表已经看不到了:
mysql> show grants for z1@localhost;
+-----------------------------------------------+
| Grants for z1@localhost |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON . TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
| GRANT SELECT ON test1.* TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
+-----------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
权限仍然显示对test1下所有表的SELECT(安全漏洞)。
(6)root再次登录,创建t1表:
[root@localhost test1]# mysql -uroot -p123
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 48
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> create table t1(id int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> exit
(7)z1登录,对t1权限依旧存在:
[root@localhost test1]# mysql -uz1 test1
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 49
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_test1 |
+-----------------+
| t1 |
| t12|
| t2|
+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
注意:对表做删除后,其他用户对此表的权限不会自动收回,一定记住要手工收回。
10.使用SSL
SSL(Secure Socket Layer,安全套接字层)是一种安全传输协议,最初由Netscape公司所开发,用以保障在Internet上数据传输的安全,利用数据加密(Encryption)技术,可确保数据在网络上的传输过程中不会被截取及窃听。
SSL协议提供的服务主要有:
(1)认证用户和服务器,确保数据发送到正确的客户机和服务器;
(2)加密数据以防止数据中途被窃取;
(3)维护数据的完整性,确保数据在传输过程中不被改变。
在MySQL中,要想使用SSL进行安全传输,需要在命令行中或选项文件中设置“--ssl”选项。
对于服务器,“--ssl”选项规定该服务器允许 SSL 连接。对于客户端程序,它允许客户使用SSL连接服务器。单单该选项不足以使用SSL连接,还必须指定--ssl-ca、--ssl-cert和--ssl-key选项。如果不想启用SSL,则可以将选项指定为--skip-ssl或--ssl=0。
注意:如果编译的服务器或客户端不支持SSL,则使用普通的未加密的连接。
确保使用SSL连接的安全方式是,使用含REQUIRE SSL子句的GRANT语句在服务器上创建一个账户,然后使用该账户来连接服务器,服务器和客户端均应启用SSL支持。下面的例子创建了一个含REQUIRE SSL子句的账号:
mysql> grant select on . to z4 identified by '123' REQUIRE ssl;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
--ssl-ca=file_name 含可信SSL CA的清单的文件的路径。
--ssl-cert=file_name SSL证书文件名,用于建立安全连接。
--ssl-key=file_name SSL密钥文件名,用于建立安全连接。
11.如果可能,给所有用户加上访问IP限制
对数据库来说,我们希望从客户端过来的连接都是安全的,因此,就很有必要在创建用户时指定可以进行连接的服务器IP或者HOSTNAME,只有符合授权的IP或者HOSTNAME才可以进行数据库访问。
12.REVOKE命令的漏洞
当用户被多次赋予权限后,由于各种原因,需要将此用户的权限全部取消,此时,REVOKE命令可能并不会按照我们的意愿执行,来看下面的例子。
(1)连续赋予用户两次权限,其中,第2次是对所有数据库的所有权限。
mysql> grant select,insert on test1.* to z1@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> grant all privileges on . to z1@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show grants for z1@localhost;
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for z1@localhost |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON . TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
| GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON test1.* TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(2)此时,需要取消此用户的所有权限。
mysql> revoke all privileges on . from z1@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
(3)我们很可能以为,此时用户已经没有任何权限了,而不会再去查看他的权限表。而实际上,此时的用户依然拥有test1上的SELECT和INSERT权限。
mysql> show grants for z1@localhost;
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for z1@localhost |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON . TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
| GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON test1.* TO 'z1'@'localhost' |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(4)此时,再次用z1登录,测试一下是否能对test1数据库做操作。
[zzx@localhost~]$ mysql -uz1
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 26
Server version: 5.0.41-community-log MySQL Community Edition (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.
mysql> use test1
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_test1 |
+-----------------+
| t1|
| t12|
| t2|
+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 values(1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
这个是MySQL权限机制造成的隐患,在一个数据库上多次赋予权限,权限会自动合并;但是在多个数据库上多次赋予权限,每个数据库上都会认为是单独的一组权限,必须在此数据库上用REVOKE命令来单独进行权限收回,而REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON .并不会替用户自动完成这个过程。