12-进一步重载赋值运算符
12.2.5 进一步重载赋值运算符
介绍针对String类的程序清单之前,先来考虑另一个问题。假设要将常规字符串复制到String对象中。例如,假设使用getline()读取了一个字符串,并要将这个字符串放置到String对象中,前面定义的类方法让您能够这样编写代码:
String name;
char temp[40];
cin.getline(temp, 40);
name = temp; // use constructor to convert type
但如果经常需要这样做,这将不是一种理想的解决方案。为解释其原因,先来回顾一下最后一条语句是怎样工作的。
1.程序使用构造函数String(const char *)来创建一个临时String对象,其中包含temp中的字符串副本。第11章介绍过,只有一个参数的构造函数被用作转换函数。
2.本章后面的程序清单12.6中的程序使用String & String::operator=(const String &)函数将临时对象中的信息复制到name对象中。
3.程序调用析构函数~String()删除临时对象。
为提高处理效率,最简单的方法是重载赋值运算符,使之能够直接使用常规字符串,这样就不用创建和删除临时对象了。下面是一种可能的实现:
String & String::operator=(const char * s)
{
delete [] str;
len = std::strlen(s);
str = new char[len + 1];
std::strcpy(str, s);
return *this;
}
一般说来,必须释放str指向的内存,并为新字符串分配足够的内存。
程序清单12.4列出了修订后的类声明。除了前面提到过的修改之外,这里还定义了一个CINLIM常量,用于实现operator>>()。
程序清单12.4 string1.h
// string1.h -- fixed and augmented string class definition
#ifndef STRING1_H_
#define STRING1_H_
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
using std::istream;
class String
{
private:
char * str; // pointer to string
int len; // length of string
static int num_strings; // number of objects
static const int CINLIM = 80; // cin input limit
public:
// constructors and other methods
String(const char * s); // constructor
String(); // default constructor
String(const String &); // copy constructor
~String(); // destructor
int length () const { return len; }
// overloaded operator methods
String & operator=(const String &);
String & operator=(const char *);
char & operator[](int i);
const char & operator[](int i) const;
// overloaded operator friends
friend bool operator<(const String &st, const String &st2);
friend bool operator>(const String &st1, const String &st2);
friend bool operator==(const String &st, const String &st2);
friend ostream & operator<<(ostream & os, const String & st);
friend istream & operator>>(istream & is, String & st);
// static function
static int HowMany();
};
#endif
程序清单12.5给出了修订后的方法定义。
程序清单12.5 string1.cpp
// string1.cpp -- String class methods
#include <cstring> // string.h for some
#include "string1.h" // includes <iostream>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
// initializing static class member
int String::num_strings = 0;
// static method
int String::HowMany()
{
return num_strings;
}
// class methods
String::String(const char * s) // construct String from C string
{
len = std::strlen(s); // set size
str = new char[len + 1]; // allot storage
std::strcpy(str, s); // initialize pointer
num_strings++; // set object count
}
String::String() // default constructor
{
len = 4;
str = new char[1];
str[0] = '\0'; // default string
num_strings++;
}
String::String(const String & st)
{
num_strings++; // handle static member update
len = st.len; // same length
str = new char [len + 1]; // allot space
std::strcpy(str, st.str); // copy string to new location
}
String::~String() // necessary destructor
{
--num_strings; // required
delete [] str; // required
}
// overloaded operator methods
// assign a String to a String
String & String::operator=(const String & st)
{
if (this == &st)
return *this;
delete [] str;
len = st.len;
str = new char[len + 1];
std::strcpy(str, st.str);
return *this;
}
// assign a C string to a String
String & String::operator=(const char * s)
{
delete [] str;
len = std::strlen(s);
str = new char[len + 1];
std::strcpy(str, s);
return *this;
}
// read-write char access for non-const String
char & String::operator[](int i)
{
return str[i];
}
// read-only char access for const String
const char & String::operator[](int i) const
{
return str[i];
}
// overloaded operator friends
bool operator<(const String &st1, const String &st2)
{
return (std::strcmp(st1.str, st2.str) < 0);
}
bool operator>(const String &st1, const String &st2)
{
return st2 < st1;
}
bool operator==(const String &st1, const String &st2)
{
return (std::strcmp(st1.str, st2.str) == 0);
}
// simple String output
ostream & operator<<(ostream & os, const String & st)
{
os << st.str;
return os;
}
// quick and dirty String input
istream & operator>>(istream & is, String & st)
{
char temp[String::CINLIM];
is.get(temp, String::CINLIM);
if (is)
st = temp;
while (is && is.get() != '\n')
continue;
return is;
}
重载>>运算符提供了一种将键盘输入行读入 String 对象中的简单方法。它假定输入的字符数不多于String::CINLIM的字符数,并丢弃多余的字符。在if条件下,如果由于某种原因(如到达文件尾或get(char *, int)读取的是一个空行)导致输入失败,istream对象的值将置为false。
程序清单12.6通过一个小程序来使用这个类,该程序允许输入几个字符串。程序首先提示用户输入,然后将用户输入的字符串存储到String对象中,并显示它们,最后指出哪个字符串最短、哪个字符串按字母顺序排在最前面。
程序清单12.6 sayings1.cpp
// sayings1.cpp -- using expanded String class
// compile with string1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "string1.h"
const int ArSize = 10;
const int MaxLen =81;
int main()
{
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;
String name;
cout <<"Hi, what's your name?\n>> ";
cin >> name;
cout << name << ", please enter up to " << ArSize
<< " short sayings <empty line to quit>:\n";
String sayings[ArSize]; // array of objects
char temp[MaxLen]; // temporary string storage
int i;
for (i = 0; i < ArSize; i++)
{
cout << i+1 << ": ";
cin.get(temp, MaxLen);
while (cin && cin.get() != '\n')
continue;
if (!cin || temp[0] == '\0') // empty line?
break; // i not incremented
else
sayings[i] = temp; // overloaded assignment
}
int total = i; // total # of lines read
if ( total > 0)
{
cout << "Here are your sayings:\n";
for (i = 0; i < total; i++)
cout << sayings[i][0] << ": " << sayings[i] << endl;
int shortest = 0;
int first = 0;
for (i = 1; i < total; i++)
{
if (sayings[i].length() < sayings[shortest].length())
shortest = i;
if (sayings[i] < sayings[first])
first = i;
}
cout << "Shortest saying:\n" << sayings[shortest] << endl;
cout << "First alphabetically:\n" << sayings[first] << endl;
cout << "This program used "<< String::HowMany()
<< " String objects. Bye.\n";
}
else
cout << "No input! Bye.\n";
return 0;
}
注意: 较早的get(char *, int)版本在读取空行后,返回的值不为false。然而,对于这些版本来说,如果读取了一个空行,则字符串中第一个字符将是一个空字符。这个示例使用了下述代码:
if (!cin || temp[0] == '\0') // empty line?
break; // i not incremented
如果实现遵循了最新的C++标准,则if语句中的第一个条件将检测到空行,第二个条件用于旧版本实现中检测空行。
程序清单12.6中程序要求用户输入至多10条谚语。每条谚语都被读到一个临时字符数组,然后被复制到String对象中。如果用户输入空行,break语句将终止输入循环。显示用户的输入后,程序使用成员函数length()和operator <()来确定最短的字符串以及按字母顺序排列在最前面的字符串。程序还使用下标运算符([])提取每条谚语的第一个字符,并将其放在该谚语的最前面。下面是运行情况:
Hi, what's your name?
>> Misty Gutz
Misty Gutz, please enter up to 10 short sayings <empty line to quit>:
1: a fool and his money are soon parted
2: penny wise, pound foolish
3: the love of money is the root of much evil
4: out of sight, out of mind
5: absence makes the heart grow fonder
6: absinthe makes the hart grow fonder
7:
Here are your sayings:
a: a fool and his money are soon parted
p: penny wise, pound foolish
t: the love of money is the root of much evil
o: out of sight, out of mind
a: absence makes the heart grow fonder
a: absinthe makes the hart grow fonder
Shortest saying:
penny wise, pound foolish
First alphabetically:
a fool and his money are soon parted
This program used 11 String objects. Bye.