傻瓜式英语学习法
第一卷 第一章 四级考试阅读技巧 阅读理解方法 阅读理解是综合读者各方面知识的过程。要想快捷，准确的理解所阅读的语篇，我们要清具备什么样的能力，理解的过程，阅读的层次，阅读的目的，阅读技能等。 学会阅读意味着我们具备以下的能力: 理解作者的思想和观点。 看出文章的叙事或推论过程。 看出并思考所读文章的细节，获的详细的信息。 把已获得的信息保在大脑中以便随时使用。 看出作者的主要意图和文章的基调。 从有关资料中汲取有用的东西。 对非重要情节或信息一带而过。 根据阅读目的和材料的难易程度调整阅读速度和方法。 根据作者的描述的出自己的结论。 掌握词的多种含义的知识。 另外，我们也想在此强调指出：我们不能盲目的应用快读“技巧”，而应该根据不同情况调整阅读速度。如：对场景，人物性格，人物心理刻画要细读。其中最重要的一点就是要知道在什么时候快读，什么时候慢读。要提高阅读速度，正确的阅读方法是问题的关键。 1. 你是否善于阅读 为了正确的评价自己的阅读能力，我们可以对照检验一下自己在阅读时是否有以下影响阅读效率的行为，但第2 ，3条，得在你不注意时，别人观察你。 你是否读的非常慢，非常仔细，不相信自己能全部理解所读的东西。 阅读时你的嘴唇和舌头是否在动。 在阅读时你的头是否随着所读文字的符号的位置而左右移动。 你是否经常回读，即，读过的东西又重新读一遍，甚至几遍。 你是否读什么样的体裁都是一样的速度。 你是否有很多单词不认识，或不知道他在此处的含义。 如果对上述的问题回答是肯定的，那你确实需要提高阅读技能。如果只有一两项的回 答是肯定的，那你就需要针对这一两种不良习惯寻找有效的解决方法，以帮住你提高阅读能力。 2.扩大词汇量 有限的词汇量必然影响你的阅读能力提高。生词的含义只有在上下文中才能完全展现出来，并易于被记住、理解、掌握。换句话说，是上下文给一个词以特定的含义，而这个特定的含义往往是字典无法提供的。 不少教师鼓励学生背句子、段落、整片文章，都是出于同一目的，即：要学生在上下文中理解并掌握词汇和短语。 II．阅读的目的 阅读一般应该达到下列目的 了解作者要表达的主要思想； 了解文章的主要内容和次要内容，并能把他们区分开来； 了解并记住文章中最重要的内容； 了解文章结构以及事件发生的时间、空间顺序； 了解作者的观点、意图、写作风格及其偏见等； 用自己的阅历和知识对文章进行分析、评价，得出自己的体会； 在读完一篇文章之后，想一想上述所列出的六项阅读目的，看看你能达到那几项目的。 III．阅读技能和方法 1．技能 阅读不是一个被动的过程，而是一个积极主动的过程，它需要大量的脑力活动，这就是说，一篇文章的意义不在于材料的本身，而是我们与材料不断交流活动的结果。我们把新知识和旧知识联系起来，以便完整的理解文章得意义，这种引申意义的脑力活动不仅仅是对词汇意义的解码，而是对文章的全面理解。 阅读是一个判断、推理、归纳、总结的过程。我们需要把分散于文章中的各种信息联系起来，经过必要的判断、推理、得出自己对文章的认识。 阅读是一个心理语言猜测活动。也就是说，一个好的读者总是猜测下文是什麽，然后用作者所给的信息检验自己的预测是否正确。如果预测正确就开始下一个预测，如果错误，必须修正原来的假想。 2． 方法 人们阅读时总是从左到右，从上一行到下一行，从词到词组到句子到段落，这一过程给人的感觉是人的眼睛总是在不停的移动。其实不然，科学家发现，阅读时人的眼睛不是持续的移动，而是跳跃式移动，94%的时间眼睛是静止的，6%的时间在跳跃。两次跳跃的时间称为一次“注目”，约四分之一秒，每次注目看到的单词因人而异，儿童大约是半个单词，一般读者是一二个单词，较好的读者是二三个单词。在实际阅读中，人的眼睛以词群为单位跳跃，即相关的词往往在一次注目中看到。既然阅读时人的眼睛跳跃式移动，用铅笔或手指着书上每一行左右移动，一边阅读一边念出声、一边读一边字翻译都是没有用的。因为这些动作的速度与眼睛跳跃的速度不一致，再加上他们分散一些注意力，因而不仅影响阅读速度，也影响阅读理解的程度。 IV．如何对待阅读中的生词 对阅读中遇到的生词最好的方法是通过上下文猜测。以下几条建议可帮助你猜测词义： 看看上下文中有没有生词的另一种说法，即找同义词。有时下文会对一个词做解释，或者提供一些暗示。 看看生词在文章中的词性，即看这个是名词、动词、形容词、副词或其他词类。另外看看这个词在文中与那些词搭配使用，再根据自己的其他知识，就可以进行正确的猜测了。 分析生词的构成，尤其是词的前缀和后缀。英语中很多词都是加前缀和后缀而来的。比如你认识这两个词write和similar，根据前缀re--和后缀--ity的含义，你就可以准确的猜出rewrite和similarity这两个词的意思。 看看同一生词是否在上下文的其他地方出现，把两处的语竟相比较，也许更能准的猜出词义。 充分利用你关于所阅读的内容已有的知识。 利用文中所附的插图等直观线索猜测词义。 V． 推论--找出文章中隐含意思 为了目的，作者往往不直接说出文章的意思，而是含蓄的表达。这种隐含的意思有时是文章的主要意思。所以阅读文学作品经常需要推论。有时一句话的含义需要推论，有时整个文章的含义需要推论。以下几条建议可以帮助你推论： 结合作者的思想、观点及其创作目的、创作背景进行推论。 寻找作者直接陈述的诸多事件之间的联系。 仔细体会一些重要词的含蓄意义及其感情色彩。比如politician和statesman的意思都是“政客家”，但前者有贬义的色彩，即“政客”，后者则没有。 从作者的语气、语调、措辞等文体特征，读出作者的“言外之意”。 得出推论后，尽量从上下文中寻找证据。 充分利用自己的各方面的知识，把文章中所述的事件和自己的阅历或熟悉的事情联系起来思考。 VI． 如何找出文章中心思想 为了便于找出文章的中心思想，阅读中你可以思考以下问题： 文章是否表明了有关社会生活的重要东西？它是否帮助你形成新的生活观？ 文章是否表普遍真理？ 你同意文章的中心思想和观点吗？ VII．做题时应注意的问题 精读问题及选择项，仔细品味问题的所指及选项之间意思的差别，切勿望文生义，草率处之。 做完同一篇文章后，应综合看一下你的选择，因为，它们也许是紧密相关的。 选择与所提问的内容针对性强的选择项作为正确答案。 考生的知识与常识也可以帮助他接受或拒绝一些选择项。 文后的几个问题经常是对整个文章推理过程的几方面的概括，了解这一点可以帮助考生对照检验自己的阅读从而对文章的推理过程进一步的认识。 To the top(回页首) 猜词技巧 在英语阅读中，我们自然会遇到许多生词。这时，许多人立即翻阅字典，查找词义。其实，这种做法是不科学的。它不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。猜测词义时，可利用以下线索： 一 针对性解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。 1． 根据定义猜测词义 如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如： anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知，anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。 In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 同样，从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。 定义句的谓语动词多为：be mean deal with be considered to be refer to be called be known as define represent signify constitute等。 2.根据复述猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。 复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。 同位语 Semantics the study of the meaning of words is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semanties式 同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semanties指“语义学”。 在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。 Capacitance or the ability to store electric charge is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or similarly that is to say in other words namely or other say i. e. 等副词或短语出现。 定语从句 Krabacber suffers from SAD which is short for seasonal affective disorder a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings. 根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings 我们可以推断出SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。 根据举例猜测词义 恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索，例如： The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。 二 内在逻辑关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系 然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。 1． 根据对比关系猜测词义 在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描 述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如： Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother in contrast is quite humble and modest. 该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast，（相对照的，相对比的）可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest（谦卑又谦虚）是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。 表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。 A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones. 该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义，“熟练的”。 2． 根据比较关系猜测词义 同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，例如： Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。 表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。 3． 根据因果关系猜测词义 在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如： Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. 根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。 There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd. 此句为结果状语从句，根据从句的描书“许多示威者”，我们便可推知elbow的词意“挤，挤过”。 4． 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义 在句子或段落种，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如： Although he often had the opportunity Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使. . . 陷入危险，危及、危害”。 Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 句中detrimental四个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。 三 外部相关因素 外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时 就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如： Husband：it''s really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? 根据生活经验，天气寒冷时，手肯定是“冻僵的，冻得麻木的”。 The snake slithered through the grass. 根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为“爬行”。 在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。 1． 根据前缀猜测词义 例如： He fell into a ditch and lay there semiconscious for a few minutes. 根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的）， 我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。 I''m illiterate about such things. 词根literate意为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指 “一窍不通，不知道的”。 2． 根据后缀猜测词义 例如： Insecticide is applied where it is needed. 后缀cide表示“杀者，杀灭剂”，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出 insecticide意为“杀虫剂”。 Then the vapor may change into droplets. 后缀let表示“小的”，词根drop指“滴，滴状物”。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义“小滴，微滴”。 3．根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 例如： Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high （高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”的意思。 Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动---斗牛。 综上所述，利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中，我们可以灵活运用，综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧，排除生词的障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，提高阅读速度。 飞库制作 更多精彩图书尽在飞库 电脑访问：http://www.feiku.com 手机访问：http://wap.feiku.com 飞库论坛：http://bbs.feiku.com 第二卷 第一章 ?????? 一. 常见的前缀 1.表示否定意义的前缀 1)纯否定前缀 a- an- asymmetry（不对称）anhydrous（无水的） dis- dishonest dislike in- ig- il im ir incapable inability ignoble impossible immoral illegal irregular ne- n- none neither never non- noesense neg- neglect un- unable unemployment 2)表示错误的意义 male- mal- malfunction maladjustment(失调) mis- mistake mislead pseudo- pseudonym(假名) pseudoscience 3)表示反动作的意思 de- defend demodulation(解调) dis- disarm disconnect un- unload uncover 4)表示相反，相互对立意思 anti- ant- antiknock( 防震) antiforeign (排外的) contra- contre- contro- contradiction controflow(逆流) counter- counterreaction counterbalance ob- oc- of- op- object oppose occupy with- withdraw withstand 2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀 1)a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……” aboard aside 2)by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧” bypath bypass(弯路) 3)circum- circu- 表示“周围，环绕，回转” circumstance circuit 4)de- 表示“在下，向下” descend degrade 5)en- 表示“在内，进入” encage enbed(上床) 6)ex- ec- es- 表示“外部，外” exit eclipse expand export 7)extra- 表示“额外” extraction （提取） 8)fore- 表示“在前面” forehead foreground 9)in- il- im- ir- 表示“向内，在内，背于” inland invade inside import 10)inter- intel- 表示“在……间，相互” international interaction internet 11)intro- 表示“向内，在内，内侧” introduce introduce 12)medi- med- mid- 表示“中，中间” Mediterranean midposition 13)out- 表示“在上面，在外部，在外” outline outside outward 14)over- 表示“在上面，在外部，向上” overlook overhead overboard 15)post- 表示"向后，在后边，次” postscript(附言)， 16)pre- 表示"在前”在前面” prefix preface preposition 17)pro- 表示“在前，向前” progress proceed 18)sub- suc- suf- sug- sum- sup- sur- sus- 表示“在下面，下” subway submarine suffix suppress supplement 19)super- sur- 表示“在…..之上” superficial surface superstructure 20)trans- 表示“移上，转上，在那一边” translate transform transoceanic 21)under- 表示“在…..下面，下的” underline underground underwater 22)up- 表示“向上，向上面，在上” upward uphold uphill(上坡) 3. 表示时间，序列关系的前缀 1)ante- anti- 表示“先前，早于，预先” antecedent anticipate 2)ex- 表示“先，故，旧” expresident exhusband 3)fore- 表示“在前面，先前，前面” foreward dorecast foretell(预言) 4)mid- medi- 表示“中，中间” midnight midsummer 5)post-"表示“在后，后” postwar 6)pre- pri- 表示“在前，事先，预先” preheat prewar prehistory 7)pro- 表示“在前，先，前” prologue(序幕)，prophet(预言家) 8)re- 表示“再一次，重新” retell rewrite 4. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀 1)by- 表示“副，次要的” byproduct bywork(副业) 2)extra- 表示“超越，额外” extraordinary 3)hyper- 表示“超过，极度” hypersonic(超声波) hypertesion(高血压) 4)out- 表示“超过，过分” outdo(超过) outbid(出价过高的人) 5)over-，表示“超过，过度，太” overeat overdress oversleep 6) sub- suc- sur- 表示“低，次，副，亚” subeditor subordinate subtropical(亚热带) 7)super- sur- 表示“超过” supernature superpower surplus surpass 8)under- 表示“低劣，低下” undersize undergrown underproduction(生产不足) 9)vice- 表示“副，次” vicepresident vicechairman 5. 表示共同，相等意思的前缀 1)com- cop- con- cor- co- 表示“共同，一起”。 connect combine collect combat coexist co-operate 2)syn- syl- sym- 表示“同，共，和，类” symmetry sympathy synthesis(合成) 6. 表示整个完全意思的前缀 1)al- 表示“完整，完全”alone almost 2) over-表示“完全，全”overall overflow(充满) 3) pan-表示“全，总，万”panentheism(泛神论)，panorama 7. 表示分离，离开意思的前缀 1)a- ab- abs- 表示“分离，离开” away apart abstract abstain 2)de- 表示“离去，处去”depart decolour 3)dis- di- dif- 表示“分离，离开” divorce disarm(缴械) 4)ex- e- 表示“离开，分离”expel exclude expatriate(驱出国外) 5)for- 表示“离开，脱离”forget forgive 6)表示“离开”release resolve 7)表示“分离，隔离”separate seduce select 8. 表示通过，遍及意思的前缀 1)dia- 表示“通过，横过”diameter diagram 2)per- pel- 表示“通，总，遍”perfect perform pervade(浸透) 3)trans- 表示“横过，贯通”transparent transmit transport 9. 表示加强意思的前缀 a- arouse ashamed ad- adjoin adhere( 粘着) 10. 表示变换词类作用的前缀 be- befriend en- enslave enable enrich ad- ac- af- ag- an- ap- ar- as- at- adapt accord affix aggression arrive assist attend attract arrange assign(委派) 11. 表示数量关系的前缀 1)表示“单一”，“一” mon- mon- monotone(单调)，monopoly monarch uni- un- uniform unicellular(单细胞) 2)表示“二，两，双” ambi- ambiguous amphibian(两栖类) bi- bin- bicycle di- diode(二级管)， twi- twilight 3)表示“十”deca deco- dec- deci- decade decimals 4)表示"百，百分子一" hecto- hect- hectometer centi- centimeter 5)表示"千，千分子一” kilo- kilometer 6)表示"万，万分子一” myria- myri- myriametre mega- meg- megabyte micro- microvolt (微伏特) 7)表示"许多，复，多数” multi- mult- multipmetre (万用表) poly- polysyllable 8)表示“半，一半” hemi- hemisphere demi- demiofficial semi- semiconductor semitransparent pene- pen- peninsula 12. 表示特殊意义的前缀 1)arch- 表示“首位，第一的，主要的”architect archbishop 2)auto- 表示“自己，独立，自动”automobile autobiography 3)bene- 表示“善，福”benefit 4)eu- 表示“优，美好”eugenics(优生学)，euphemism 5)male- mal- 表示“恶，不良”maltreatment malodor 6)macro- 表示“大，宏大”macroscopic(宏观) 7)magni- 表示“大”magnificent 8)micro- 表示“微”microscope 13. 表示术语的前缀 1)aud- 表示“听，声”audience 2)bio- 表示“生命，生物”biography(传记) 3)ge- 表示“地球，大地”geography 4)phon- 表示“声，音调”phonograph 5)tele- 表示“远离”television telephone 第二卷 第二章 ?????? 二. 常见的后缀 1. 名词后缀 (1) 具有某种职业或动作的人 1)-an -ain 表示"……地方的人，精通……的人”American historian 2)-al 表示"具有……职务的人" principal 3)-ant -ent 表示"……者” merchant agent servant student 4)-ar 表示"……的人” scholar liar peddler 5)-ard -art 表示"做……的人”coward laggard braggart(夸张者) 6)-arian 表示"……派别的人， ……主义的人”humanitarian vegetarian 7)-ary 表示"从事……的人" secretary missionary 8)-ant 表示"具有……职责的人" candidate graduate 9)-ator 表示"做……的人" educator speculator(投机者) 10)-crat 表示"某种政体，主义的支持者" democrat bureaucrat 11)-ee 表示"动作承受者" employee examinee 12)-eer 表示"从事于……人" engineer volunteer 13)-er 表示"从事某种职业的人 某地区，地方的人" banker observer Londoner villager 14)-ese 表示" ……国人，…..地方的人”Japanese Cantonese 15)-ess 表示"阴性人称名词， actress hostess manageress 16)-eur 表示"……家” amateur littérateur 17)-ian 表示"……地方人，信仰…….教的人，从事……职业的人”Christian physician(内科医生)，musician 18)-ician 表示"精通者， ……家，”electrician magician technician 19)-icist 表示"……家， …….者 …….能手”physicist phoneticist technicist 20)-ic 表示"……者，……师" mechanic critic 21)-ie 表示"爱，指小" dearie auntie lassie(小姑娘) 22)-ier 表示"从事……职业” cavalier clothier brazier(黄铜匠) 23)-ine ian 表示"阴性人称" heroine ballerina 24)-ist 表示"从事……研究者，信仰……主义者" pianist communist dentist artist chemist 25)-ive 表示"动作者，行为者” native captive 26)-logist 表示"……学家，研究者" biologist geologist(地质学家) 27)-or 表示"……者" author doctor operator 28)-ster 表示"做…….事情的人”youngster gamester(赌徒)，songster 29)-yer 表示" 从事……职业者” lawyer (2). 构成，具有抽象名词的含义 1)-acy 表示"性质，状态，境遇" accuracy diplomacy 2)-age 表示"状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称" courage storage marriage 3)-al a) 表示"事物的动作，过程”refusal arrival survival denial approval b) 表示具体的事物manual signal editorial journal 4)-ance -ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” endurance importance diligence difference obedience 5)-ancy -ency 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency urgency efficiency 6)-bility 表示"动作，性质，状态" possibility feasibility 7)-craft 表示"工艺，技巧” woodcraft handicraft statecraft（治国策） 8)-cracy 表示"统治，支配" bureaucracy democracy 9)-cy 表示"性质，状态，职位，级别" bankruptcy(破产)，supremacy 10)-dom 表示"等级，领域，状态" freedom kingdom wisdom 11)-ery -ry 表示"行为，状态，习性" bravery bribery rivalry 12)-ety 表示"性质，状态” variety dubiety(怀疑) 13)-faction -facture 表示"作成，……化，作用" satisfaction manufacture 14)-hood 表示"资格，身份 年纪，状态" childhood manhood falsehood 15)-ice 表示"行为，性质，状态" notice justice service 16)-ine 表示"带有抽象概念" medicine discipline famine 17)-ing 表示"动作的过程，结果" building writing learning 18)-ion -sion -tion -ation -ition 表示"行为的过程，结果，状况" action solution conclusion destruction expression correction 19)-ise 表示"性质，状态” exercise merchandise(商业) 20)-ism 表示"制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为" socialism criticism colloquialism heroism 21)-ity 表示"性质，状态，程度” purity reality ability calamity 22)-ment 表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果 treatment movement judgment punishment argument 23)-mony 表示"动作的结果，状态" ceremony testimony 24)-ness 表示"性质，状态，程度" goodness kindness tiredness friendliness 25)-or -our 表示"动作，性质，状态" favor error 26)-osity 表示"动作，状态” curiosity 27)-ship 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship membership friendship 28)-th 表示"动作，性质，过程，状态" depth wealth truth length growth 29)-tude 表示"性质，状态，程度" latitude altitude(海拔) 30)-ure 表示"行为，结果" exposure pressure failure procedure(手续)， 31)-y 表示"行为的结果，状态，性质” glory history victory inquiry (3) 带有场所，地方的含义 1)-age 表示"住所，地点" village cottage 2)-ary 表示"住所，场地" library granary (谷仓) 3)-ery ry 表示"工作场所，饲养所，地点" laundry nursery surgery(手术室) 4)-ory 表示"工作场所，住处" factory dormitory laboratory observatory (4) 带有学术，科技含义 1)-grapy 表示"……学，写法” biography calligraphy geography 2)-ic ics 表示"……学……法" logic mechanics optics electronics 3)-ology 表示"……学……论”biology zoology technology(工艺学) 4)-nomy 表示"……学……术" astronomy economy bionomy(生态学) 5)-ery 表示"学科，技术" chemistry cookery machinery 6)-y 表示"……学，术，法” photography philosophy (5) 表示人和事物的总和，集合含义 1)-age baggage tonnage 2)-dom newspaperdom(新闻界) 3)-hood neighbourhood womanhood 4)-ery cavalry ministry(内阁) 5)-ure legislature judicature (6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义 1)-ant ent solvent constant 2)-al signal pictorial(画报) 3)ar collar pillar(石柱) 4)- er boiler computer washer cooker 5)-ery drapery(绸缎) 6)-ing clothing matting 7)-ment instrument equipment attachment (7) 表示“细小”的含义 1)-cle particle 2)-cule molecule(分子) 3)-el parcel 4)-en chicken maiden 5)-et pocket ticket 6)-etta -ette etto cigarette essayette(短文) 7)-kin napkin 8)-ling duckling 9)-let booklet 10)-y baby doggy 2. 形容词后缀 （1）带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义 1)-able -ible movable comfortable applicable visible responsible 2)-al natural additional educational 3)-an ane urban suburban republican 4)-ant -ent distant important excellent 5)-ar similar popular regular 6)-ary military voluntary 7)-ice -atie ical politic systematic historic physical 8)-ine masculine feminine marine 9)-ing moving touching daring 10)-ish foolish bookish selfish 11)-ive active impressive decisive 12)-ory satisfactory compulsory 13)-il -ile -eel fragile genteel(文雅的) (2) 表示“相象，类似”的含义 1)-ish boyish childish 2)-esque picturesque 3)-like manlike childlike 4)-ly manly fatherly scholarly motherly 5)-some troublesome handsome 6)-y milky pasty (3) 表示“充分的”含义 1)-ful beautiful wonderful helpful truthful 2)-ous dangerous generous courageous various 3)-ent violent (4) 表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义 1)-en wooden golden woolen 2)-ous gaseous 3)-fic scientific (5) 表示方向的含义 1)-ern eastern western 2)-ward downward forward (6) 表示“倍数”的含义 1)-ble double treble 2)ple triple 3)-fold twofold tenfold (7) 表示“数量关系”的含义 1)-teen thirteen 2)-ty fifty 3)-th fourth fiftieth (8) 表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义 1)-an Roman European 2)-ese Chinese 3)-ish English Spanish (9) 表示“比较程度”的含义 1)-er greater 2)-ish reddish yellowish 3)-est highest 4)-most foremost topmost (10)其他的含义 -less 表示否定，countless stainless wireless 3. 动词后缀 1)-ize ise 表示"做成，变成，……化“modernize mechanize democratize organize 2)-en 表示"使成为，引起，使有” quicken weaken soften harden 3)-fy 表示"使……化 使成”beautify purify intensify signify simplify 4)-ish 表示"使，令” finish abolish diminish establish 5)-ate 表示“成为……，处理，作用” separate operate indicate 4. 副词后缀 1)-ly possibly swiftly simply 2)-ward -wards downward inwards upward 3)-ways always sideways 4)-wise otherwise clockwise 第二卷 第三章 ?????? 三. 常见的词根 常见的词根 1) aer ar 含义是“空气，大气” aeroplane aerial 2) ag act ig 含义是“做，动作” active agent reaction 3) alt 含义是“高”， altitude 4) alter altern altr 含义是“其它，变更” alternate 5) bio bi bion 含义是“生物，生命” biology bionics(仿生学) 6) brev bri brief 含义是“短” brief abbreviation abridge(节略) 7) cap capt cept cip 含义是“取，获” capture except concept capacity 8) ced ceed cess 含义是“行，让步” proceed succeed excess(过度) 9) centr centr 含义是“中心” concentrate eccentric(偏心的) 10) clain clam 含义是“呼喊” claim proclaim exclaim 11) clos clud 含义是“闭合” conclude enclose include 12) col cult 含义是“耕耘” colony cultivate agriculture 13) cor cord 含义是“心” cordial record accord 14) curr cur cour 含义是“跑，动作” current occur concurrence(同时发生) 15) dic dict 含义是“说，示” dictate edit indicate predict 16) doc doct 含义是“教” doctor document 17) duc duct含义是“引导，传导” introduce produce conduct deduct( 推论) 18) fact fac fect dic dit 含义是“做，创造” factory effect profit faculty perfect 19) fend fens 含义是“打，击” defence offence 20) fer 含义是“搬运，移转” ferry transfer defer(迟延) 21) fin finit 含义是“终，极” final finish confine 22) firm 含义是“坚固” firm confirm affirm(断定) 23) fix 含义是“固定” prefix affix(附加) 24) flect flex 含义是“弯曲” flexible reflex 25) flor flour flower 含义是“花” flower flourish 26) form 含义是“形” uniform formula transform reform deform 27) forc fort 含义是“力，强度” force enforce effort 28) gen genit 含义是“生产，发生” generate generation 29) gram graph 含义是“书写，记录” telegram diagram photograph 30) grad gress gred gree 含义是“步，阶段” gradually degree progress 31) hab habit hibit 含义是“保持，住” inhabit exhibit prohibit 32) her hes 含义是“粘附” adhere cohesion 33) ject jet 含义是“抛射” project inject 34) jour 含义是“日，一天” journal(日记) journey adjourn(延期) 35) jug junct 含义是“结合，连合” conjunction junction(连合) 36) labour labor 含义是“劳动，工作” labourer elaborate collaborate 37) lect leg lig 含义是“挑选，采集” collect select lecture 38) lif liv 含义是“生活，生存” life alive live 39) loc 含义是“场所，位置” location dislocate(脱位) 40) long leng ling 含义是“长的” length prolong linger 41) loqu locut 含义是“说话” colloquial eloquent 42) mand mend 含义是“命令” command demand recommend 43) man manu 含义是“手，手法” manage manual 44) memor menber 含义是“记忆” memory remember memorial 45) mind ment 含义是“心” mind remind mental 46) merc merch 含义是“贸易” commerce merchant 47) meas mens meter metr 含义是“测量，度量” measure meter diameter 48) min 含义是“小” diminish minority 49) miss mit 含义是“派遣，送” mission dismiss transmit missile 50) mob mot mov 含义是“动” movement motion mobile remove 51) nect nex 含义是“捆扎” connect disconnect annex(合并) 52) not 含义是“记号，注意” note denote annotation(注释) 53) onom onym 含义是“名字” synonym antonym anonymous 54) pair par 含义是“a)相同，对等b)准备” compare prepare 55) pel puls 含义是“追逐” expel impel(推进) 56) pend pens pond 含义是“悬挂” depend independent expense(支付) 57) phon 含义是“声音” symphony telephone microphone 58) plac 含义是“位置，场所” place replace 59) peopl popul publ 含义是“人民，民众” public republic popular people 60) port 含义是“搬运” export import deport(输送) 61) press 含义是“压，压制” pressure express oppress impression 62) prob proof prov 含义是“实验，验证” prove approve 63) quer quest quir quis 含义是“寻找，探问” inquiry question inquisition(调查，追究) 64) rang rank 含义是“排列” arrange rank 65) rect right rig 含义是“正，直” correct direct erect 66) riv 含义是“河流，流远”，river arrive derive 67) rupt 含义是“破坏，毁坏” eruption bankrupt corruption 68) sci 含义是“认识，知识” science conscious 69) scrib script 含义是“书写，记录” describe script 70) sens sent 含义是“感觉，情感” sensation sentiment 71) sign 含义是“标记，符号” signal signature design 72) sembl simil 含义是“相似，类似” similar resemble assimilate(同化) 73) soci 含义是“结合，社交” social association 74) spec spect spitc spis 含义是“看，视” inspect spectator conspicuous respect 75) struct 含义是“建筑，构造” structure construct instruct destruction 76) tect teg 含义是“遮蔽，掩盖” detect protect 77) temp tens 含义是“时间，时机” tense contemporary temporal 78) tend tes tent 含义是“倾向 伸张” tendency intension extend intend 79) test 含义是“证明，证实” testify protest contest(争论) 80) text 含义是“编织， 构成” textile texture context 81) tract trail 含义是“拖拉，吸引” attract tractor abstract contract(收缩) 82) tribut 含义是“给予” contribution distribute 83) us ut 含义是“用，使用” usable utilize abuse 84) vac van 含义是“空，虚” vacancy vanity evacuate(清空) 85) vad vas wad 含义是“走，去” invade wade evade(逃避) 86) vers vert 含义是“旋转，反转” convert inversion(倒转)， reverse divert(使转向) 87) vid vis vey view 含义是“观看，看见” television visible evident interview survey 88) viv vit 含义是“生，活” vivid vital survival 89) war ward 含义是“注意，保护” aware wary(谨慎)， ward(守护) 90) way 含义是“路” way away subway always 第三卷 第一章 ???日?? 英语功能句型 1.Greeting People打招呼 Hello.喂[您好]。 Hi. 嗨[您好]。 (Hi!) How are you? Fine. [ Fine thanks.] (嗨！)您好(吗)？很好，谢谢。 How are things? Fine thanks [Good All right]. 近来好吗？很好，谢谢。 How are you today? Fine. [ Fine thanks.] 今天好吗？很好。[很好，谢谢。] How are you doing?Pretty good. 过得怎么样？ 挺不错。 How do you do? 您好。(首次见面) Hello. Is this Mr. Johnson ? 您好。您是Johnson先生吗？ Hello Fred? This is Jackie. 您好。是Fred吗？我是Jackie。 I''m pleased [glad] to meet you. Nice to meet you too. 很高兴见到您。我也很高兴见到您。 Nice to meet you. [It''s nice to meet you.] [It''s nice meeting you.] 很高兴见到您。 Nice meeting you too. 我也很高兴见到您。 2.Leave Taking 道别 Bye. 再见。 Bye-bye. 再见。 Good-bye. 再见。 See you soon.(希望很快)再见。 So long. 再见。 Speak to you soon. 稍后再交谈。 Take care. 保重。[再见。] Take it easy. 再见。[祝你过得轻松愉快。] Have a good weekend! You too. 祝您周末愉快！也祝您周末愉快。 Have a nice day. 祝您全天愉快。 I''ll call back later. 稍后我将回电话。 I''ll call you soon. 我很快将给您打电话。 I''m glad we had a chance to talk. 我很高兴我们有交谈的机会。 Nice seeing you. Nice seeing you too. 很高兴见到您。我也很高兴见到您。 I have to go now. [I have to get going. I have to run.] 我必须走了。[我得走了。] I think I should be going [get going be on my way] now. I should be going too. 我想我现在该走了。我也该走了。 I''d better go now. 我最好现在就走。 I''ve really got to go now. [I''ve got to be going now. I''ve got to get going. I''ve got to run.] 我现在真的该走了。 It''s been really nice seeing you again. 能与您再次见面我真高兴。 Let''s get together soon. 让我们不久后再相聚。 Let''s keep [stay] in touch. 让我们保持联系。 3.Introductions 作介绍 1)Introducing Oneself 自我介绍 My name is Carlos. 我的名字是Carlos。 (Hello.) I''m Kim.(您好。) 我是Kim。 Let me introduce myself. 请让我来做自我介绍。 I''m your neighbor. 我是您的邻居。 2)Introducing Others 介绍他人 I''d like to introduce… 我想介绍一下…… I''d like to introduce you to my husband Michael. 请让我向您介绍我的丈夫Michael。 I''d like you to meet… 我想请您认识一下…… Let me introduce… 让我介绍一下…… Let me introduce you to… 让我把您介绍给…… This is… 这一位是…… 4.Gratitude 表达感激和赞赏 1)Expressing… 表达感激 Thank you. 谢谢您。 Thank you for letting me know. 谢谢您告诉我。 Thank you very much. 非常感谢。 Thanks. 多谢。 Thanks for warning me [the warning]. 谢谢您提醒我。 Thanks a lot. 多谢。 Thanks for telling me. 谢谢您告诉我。 Thanks very much. 非常感谢。 I (really) appreciate it [that]. 我十分感激。 That''s very kind of you. 多谢您的好心。 2)Responding to… 对感激、感谢的反应 My pleasure. 不客气。[我很乐意。] You''re welcome. 不客气。[不用谢。] 3)Apologizing 道歉 Excuse me. 对不起。[请原谅。] I apologize. 我很抱歉。 I apologize for [I''m sorry for] the inconvenience. 我很抱歉给您带来了不便。 Sorry for the inconvenience. 很抱歉给您带来了不便。 I''m sorry. 很抱歉。 Please accept my apology. 请接受我的道抱歉。 Please forgive me. 请原谅我。 Sorry. 对不起。[很抱歉。] I''m sorry but I''m new here. 对不起，我是初来乍到。 I''m sorry. I didn''t know [realize] that. [I wasn''t aware of that.] 对不起，我没留意到。 I''m sorry that I couldn''t work overtime yesterday. 真对不起，昨天我没能加班。 I''m sorry to bother you. 我很抱歉打扰了您。 I hate to bother you. 我真不愿打扰您。 Attracting(Focusing) Attention 引起注意 Excuse me. 对不起。[劳驾。][打扰了。] Pardon me. 对不起。[劳驾。] Excuse me but I don''t think you''re allowed to… 对不起。不过我认为这里不允许…… Honestly [To be honest with you To tell the truth] I''d rather not have to call the Health Department. 说实在的，我并不情愿打电话到卫生部(投诉)。 If you ask me … 如果您问我，…… In my opinion they should have more buses on this route. 依我看，他们本应增发这条路线的公共汽车。 As I see it … 依我看，…… As far as I''m concerned … 就我所关心的，…… I personally feel [think] … 我个人的感受[想法]是…… The way I see it … 我的看法是，…… It seems to me (that)… 依我看，…… Let me mention that we offer a very good installment plan. 我想说明的是，我们提供一个很优惠的分期付款计划。 Let me point out some of its special features. 让我指出它的一些独特的特点。 Notice (that) the controls are all computerized. 请注意，控制系统完全是电脑化的。 I should (also) point out (that) an AM-FM stereo radio is included. 我还想指出，(车上)配有调幅-调频立体声收音机。 You know you promised to fix it several weeks ago. 要知道，几星期前您就答应过修理它的。 4)Requests表达请求 Can [Could] you help me? 您能给我帮个忙吗？[您能帮助我吗？] Could you do me a favor? 您能给我帮个忙吗？[您能帮助我吗？] Could you do a favor for me? 您能给我帮个忙吗？[您能帮助我吗？] Could I ask you a favor? 您能给我帮个忙吗？[您能帮助我吗？] Can you show me a less expensive one? 您能给我看一种便宜点儿的吗？ Could I ask you for the recipe? 能把菜谱告诉我吗？ Could I [possibly] ask you to help me jump-start my car? 能请您帮我把汽车(跳火)发动吗？ Could you lend me a hammer? 您能借给我一把锤子吗？ Could you please give this report to Mr. Lewis ? 您能把这份报告交给Lewis先生吗？ Could you possibly lend me a cup of sugar? 您能借给我一杯糖吗？ Do you think you could give me a lift downtown? 请问您能让我坐您的便车去市中心吗？ If it''s not too much trouble. 如果不太麻烦您的话。 If you don''t mind. 如果您不介意(的话)。 If you wouldn''t mind. 如果您不介意(的话)。 It''s too bad [It''s a shame] you didn''t see it. 真不巧[真可惜]您没看到它。 Please ask her to call me. 请转告她让她给我打电话。 Please don''t play your radio on the bus. 请不要在公共汽车上播放收音机。 Please give this to Mr. Hernandez (as soon as possible). 请(尽快)把这件东西交给Hernandez 先生。 Please insure it for fifty dollars. 请把它按50美元的金额保险。 Will [Would] you please do it as soon as possible. 请您尽快地完成它。 Would you possibly be willing to let me go with just a warning? 请求您只给我一次警告并放我走好吗？ 5)Responding to Requests 对请求的反应 Okay. 好的。[行。] All right. 好的。[行。] Sure. 好的。[行。] Of course. 当然可以。 No problem. 没问题。 Certainly. 当然可以。[行。] By all means. 没问题。[我会尽力而为的。] I''ll be happy [glad] to. 我乐意。 I''d be happy to [I''d be glad to] lend you a hammer. 我愿意[乐意]把锤子借给您。 Offering to help 提供帮助 Making an Offer 主动提出帮助 Can [May] I help you? 我能帮您做什么吗？[需要帮忙吗？] Let me help you. 让我帮您一个忙。 What can I do for you? 我能帮您做什么吗？[需要帮忙吗？] Would you like me to set up the conference room? 您想让我来布置会议室吗？ Can I help you take out the garbage? 需要我帮您把垃圾带出去吗？ Can I give you a hand taking out the garbage? 我帮您把垃圾带出去好吗？ Do you want me to get that man''s car? 您需要我帮您把那位先生的车开过来吗？ Do you want [need] any help tuning up your car? 需要我帮忙把汽车保养好吗？ Would you like to leave a message? 您想留下口信吗？ I''d be happy [glad] to. 我将很乐意帮忙。 I''d be happy [glad] to help. 我将很乐意帮忙。 I''d be happy [glad] to give you a hand. 我将很乐意帮您一把。 I''d be happy to set it up. 我将很乐意去布置好。 If there''s anything I can do to help [If I can help in any way If I can be of any help] please let me know. 如果我能帮上什么忙的话，请告诉我好了。 6)Responding to an Offer 对他人提出帮助的反应 Are you sure you don''t mind? 您确实不介意吗？ If it''s no trouble. 如果不太麻烦的话，劳驾了。 If you wouldn''t mind. 如果您不介意的话，劳驾了。 No. That''s okay. 不，没问题。 (Sure.) If you don''t mind. (当然好。)如果您不介意的话。 Thanks. I (really) appreciate it. 谢谢。真感谢您。 That would be great. 那真是太好了。 Well all right. 那么，好吧。[哦，好的。] Yes please. 是的，请帮忙。 Asking for Repetition 请求重复 Would you repeat that? [Would you say that again?] 请您重复一遍好吗？ Could you please say that again? 能请您再说一遍吗？ Could you repeat the last part [that part]? 您能把最后一部分[那一部分]重复一遍吗？ Excuse me? 请原谅。[我没听明白。] Pardon (me)? 对不起，我没听清楚。 Huh? 嗯？ I didn''t get the last step. 我没弄明白最后一步。 I forgot the last part. 我忘记最后一步了。 I''m sorry. Could you please repeat that [the last step]? 对不起，请您重复一下[最后一步]好吗？ (I''m sorry.) I didn''t get that.(对不起，)我没有听明白。 (I''m sorry.) I didn''t hear you. What did you say? (对不起，)我没听清楚(您的话)。您说什么？ What did you say? 您说什么？ What was that? 那是什么意思？[那指的是什么?] What''s that? 那是什么意思？[那指的是什么?] 5.Sympathizing 表达同情 I''m (very) sorry to hear that. 听到这件事我很难过。 I''m very (so) sorry. 我很遗憾[难过]。 That''s [What] a shame! 真遗憾！[真可惜！] That''s too bad! 真糟糕！[太遗憾了！] What a [That''s a] pity! 真可怜！ 1)Regret 表达遗憾 Expressing… 表达 I regret that I transferred. 我很后悔调动工作。 I regret transferring. 我很后悔调动工作。 I''m sorry about transferring. 我对调动工作很遗憾。 I''m sorry that I transferred. 我很遗憾我调动工作了。 I wish I hadn''t done it. 我真希望我没有做(这件事)。 I''m afraid I''m busy. 恐怕我会很忙。 2)Warning 提醒或警告 Be careful! 小心点儿！[留神！] Careful! 小心点儿！[留神！] Look out! 瞧着点儿！[留神！] Watch out! 瞧着点儿！[留神！] You might start a fire. 您有可能引起火灾的。 You''d better not block the doorway! 您最好不要挡住过道。 You''d better watch your step! 您最好脚下留神。 6.Initiating a Topic or Conversations 引起一个话题或对话 Did you hear the news? 您听到新闻了吗? Can I ask you a question [something]? 我能问您一个问题[一件事]吗? What''s new (with you)? Nothing much. How about you? (您)有什么新鲜事儿吗？不多。您呢？ What''s happening (with you)?(您)发生什么事儿了？ Tell me how did your parents enjoy their vacation? 告诉我，您的父母度假过得怎么样？ [Hello.] May I please speak to Betty? [您好。] 请问我能和Betty通话吗？ [Hello.] Can I please speak to Mrs. Jenkins?[喂。]请问我能和Jenkins夫人通话吗？ Hello. I''d like to speak to Julie if she''s there. 您好。如果Julie在的话，我想和她通话。 Hello Steve? This is Carol. 喂。是Steve吗？我是Carol。 You''re new here aren''t you? 您是新来的，不是吗？ You must be our new neighbor … 您想必是我们的新邻居，…… I have some good news. 我有条好消息。 I''m wondering… 我在想…… I''ve been meaning to ask you… 我一直在打算问您…… Before you begin your new job I''d like to tell you about… 在您开始新工作之前，我想告诉您… You know I knocked on your door several times last week. 要知道，上周我敲过您家的门好几次。 You seem upset. 您看上去很心烦。 7.Certainty/Uncertainty 表达肯定/不肯定 1)Inquiring about… 询问 Are you sure (that''s right)? 您能肯定(那是对的)吗？ Are you sure [certain positive] about that? 您能确信[肯定]吗？ Do you really think so? 您真的那样认为吗？ Are you sure [certain positive] you have the correct address? 您确信您的地址是对的吗？ 2)Expressing… 表示肯定/不肯定 Absolutely! 当然！[绝对肯定！][毫无疑问！] Definitely! 当然！[绝对肯定！][毫无疑问！] Positively! 当然！[绝对肯定！][毫无疑问！] I think so. 我认为如此。[我是那样想的。] I don''t know (for sure). 我不敢肯定。 I''m sure [certain]. 我确信。 I''m [I''m not] positive. 我敢[我不敢]肯定。 I''m a hundred percent sure. 我敢百分之百地肯定。[我完全确信。] I''m not sure(yet). 我(还)不敢肯定。[我(还)不能确信。] I''m pretty sure (it''s supposed to be very warm). 我确信(天气将会很暖和)。 I''m sure I can learn quickly. 我相信我很快就能学会。 Gee I don''t think so. 嘿，我不那样认为。 I believe I was charged too much. 我敢肯定向我收的费用太高了。 I don''t think [I''m not sure I don''t know if] we can afford it. 我不能肯定我们是否负担得起。 I think there''s a mistake on my electric bill. 我认为我的电费账单上出错了。 Checking and Indicating Understanding 检查和表达是否理解 Checking Another Person''s Understanding 检查他人是否理解 Are you following me so far? 您听明白了我所讲的吗？ Are you with me so far? 上面我说的您都听懂了吗？ Do you follow me? 您听明白我的意思了吗？ Have you got (all) that [it]? 我的意思您都明白？ Okay (so far)?(现在)清楚了吗？ 8.Checking One''s Own Understanding 检查自己是否理解 A can of tuna fish a loaf of white bread and a head of lettuce. 一听金枪鱼、一条面包和一棵莴苣。 A quart? (Around the corner?) 是一夸脱吗？(在拐弯处吗？) On Main Street? 在中央大街吗？ Was that Aisle D? 那是货道D吗？ Did you say [Was that] Edward Pratt? 您是说[是叫]Edward Pratt吗？ I''m sorry. Did you say the Second Avenue bus? 对不起，您是说第二大道的公共汽车吗？ Let me [Let''s] see. 让我[我们]想一想。 Let me see if I understand [if I''ve got that]. 让我想一下我是否已经明白了。 Okay. Let''s see…a size 36 black belt. 好的。让我想一下……一条尺码36的黑皮带。 Okay. That''s a hamburger an group of French fries and a cup of coffee. 好的。一共要一个汉堡包、一份炸薯条和一杯咖啡。 That''s a pound of roast beef and a dozen rolls. 一共是1磅烤牛肉和1打面包卷。 9.Indicating Understanding 表示理解 (Oh )I see.(噢，)我明白了。[我知道了。] I''m with you. 我听得懂(您说的)。 (Oh. Now) I understand.(噢，现在)我懂了。 (Now) I''ve got it. [Now I see.] (现在)我明白了。[现在我知道了。] I''m following you. [I follow you.] 我听得懂(您说的)。 Yes. 是的。 That''s right. 没错。[是的。] Okay. 明白。 Uh-huh. 啊-哈。 Um-hmm. 唔-哼。 Interrupting 打断他人(的话) Excuse me [Forgive me] for interrupting but… 请原谅我打断一下，不过…… Sorry for interrupting [Sorry to interrupt] but… 很抱歉打断您(的话)，不过…… I''m sorry to interrupt [I''m sorry for interrupting] but we''re out of fries. 很抱歉，打断一下，不过薯条一点儿都没有了。 10.Hesitating 表达犹豫 Let''s see (now).(现在)让我想想。 Let me see [think]. 让我想想。 Let me think for a minute. 让我想片刻。 Well let me see. 那么，让我想想。 Well I''m not really sure. 唷，我还不完全确定[有把握]。 I don''t know where is to begin. 我一时不知道从哪儿说起。 Gee…uh. 哎呀……呃。 Hmm. 嗯。 Uh… 呃…… Well uh… 这个，呃…… Preference 表达喜好或偏好 Inquiring about… 询问 Which refrigerator do you like? 您喜欢哪一台冰箱？ What would you prefer to do? 您喜欢做什么事情？ What would you rather do? 您宁愿做什么事情？ Would you prefer rice or a baked potato? 您喜欢米饭还是烤土豆？ I like this one. 我喜欢这一个。 I''d prefer a baked potato. 我点烤土豆。 I''d prefer to [I''d rather] go at 7:10. 我想[我宁愿]7:10去。 I think I''d prefer to go to the town pool. 我想我更愿意去市镇游泳池。 I think I''d rather go to the rink. 我想我宁愿去旱冰场。 I''d rather watch Dr. Good body. 我情愿看"健康博士"。 I''d rather not [I''d prefer not to] have to call the Health Department. 我不情愿迫不得已地打电话向卫生部投诉。 You can fill it out here or take it home if you like [you prefer you''d like you''d prefer]. 如果您愿意，您可以在这里或带回家填写那份表格 第三卷 第二章 ?????社 11.Permission 表达允许 1)Inquiring about Permissibility 询问是否允许 Are you allowed to swim here? 这里允许游泳吗？ Are you [people] permitted to use the fireplace? 允许人们使用壁炉吗？ Is taking pictures allowed [permitted] here? 这里允许拍照吗？ Is it all right [Is it okay] to play music late at night? 深夜播放音乐行吗？ Are dogs allowed? Yes I believe they are. 允许养狗吗？是的，我想可以。 Can I park my car here? 我能把车停在这儿吗？ Could I possibly leave an hour early today? Of course you can…今天我能早走一小时吗？当然可以。 2)Indicating Permissibility 表明允许或不允许 Yes it is [they are you are]. 可以。[允许。] Yes you can. [Yes you are.] 可以。[允许。] No it isn''t [they aren''t you aren''t]. 不，不允许。 No you can''t. [No you aren''t.] 不，不允许。[不能。] You aren''t allowed to park here. 这里不许人们停靠汽车。 I don''t think jaywalking is allowed [permitted]. 我不认为随意横穿马路是允许的。 I don''t think you''re [people are] allowed [permitted] to hang your clothes there. 我不认为允许人们在那儿晾衣服。 Tenants aren''t permitted to hang laundry on the balcony. 房客不许在阳台上晾衣服。 12.Obligation 表达责任和义务 I''ve got to go now [pick up my wife at the office]. 现在我该走了[去我妻子的办公室接她了]。 I have to work late [buy stamps]. 我不得不工作到很晚。[我必须买些邮票。] We have to [We''ve got to We need to] buy groceries. 我们必须买些杂货。 I need to get to my brother''s wedding. 我必须赶上我兄弟的婚礼。 I''m supposed to attend a business meeting. 我本应参加一个业务会议。 The tables are supposed to be set an hour before we open. 桌子本应在开门前一小时就摆好。 You have to [You''re supposed to You''ve got to You need to] take one tablet three times a day. 您要每天服三次，每次服一片。 He''s insisting that I [requiring me to forcing me to making me] work on Labor Day. 他硬是要求我劳动节也上班。 I should have gotten it a little while ago. 我真应该早点儿得到它。 You must always wear your uniform. 您必须一直穿着制服。 You mustn''t make the sundaes too large. 您不得把圣代做得太大。 13.Likes/Dislikes 表达喜欢/不喜欢 1)Inquiring about… 询问 You really enjoy going sailing? 您真的喜欢作帆船航行？ Did you enjoy it? 喜欢它吗？ How do you like [What do you think of] my tie? 您觉得我的领带怎么样？ What kind of TV shows do you like? 您喜欢什么样的电视节目？ What''s your favorite program? 您最喜欢的节目是什么？ Don''t you like this rug? 你不喜欢这块地毯吗？ Expressing Likes 表达喜欢 It''s very nice. 真好。[真棒。] I (really) like [love] news programs. 我(确实)喜欢新闻节目。 I like to go sailing whenever I can. 只要有机会我都喜欢作帆船航行。 2)Expressing Dislikes 表达不喜欢 Honestly [To be honest To tell you the truth] I think it''s a little loud. 老实说，我认为它有点花哨。 I don''t particularly care for football games. 我对橄榄球比赛没有特别浓的兴趣。 I don''t really enjoy [like] talk shows. 我并不是很欣赏脱口秀节目。 I''m not really crazy about game shows. 我并不热衷于竞猜节目 14.Want-Desire 表达需要和愿望 1)Inquiring about… 询问 Do you want anything to drink? 您想喝点儿什么吗？ Do you want me to go ahead and fix it? 您打算让我接着去修理它吗？ Do you want to see the apartment? 您想看看这套公寓吗？ What size do you want? 您想要什么尺码的？ How do you want to send it? 您想用什么方式寄出？[您想怎样寄出？] What do you want to do today? 今天您想做什么？ Where do you want to go? 您想去哪儿？ What do you want me to get? 您想让我捎来什么？ How much do you want me to get? 您想让我捎来多少？ What color would you like? 您喜欢什么颜色？ What would you like (to see)? 您喜欢(看)什么？ Where do you want this sofa? 您想把这张沙发摆在哪儿？ Are you interested? 您感兴趣吗？ Which one are you interested in? 您对哪一个[件]感兴趣？ Would you be interested in applying for a P.J. Nickel''s charge card? 您对申请P.J. Nickel公司的购物卡感兴趣吗？ Would you care to change it? 您想更换它吗？ Would you like [Would you care for] anything to drink [a few more meatballs]? 您想喝点什么吗？[您想再吃几个肉丸吗？] Would you like to make an appointment? 您想预约吗？ 2)Expressing…表达 I want a pound of roast beef. 我想要一磅烤牛肉。 I want to return this fan [make this a collect call please]. 我想退掉这台风扇。 [我想打对方付费电话]。 We need a few things from the supermarket. 我们需要从超市买些东西。 I''d like the one with the 25-inch screen. 我想要配有25英寸屏幕的。 I''d like to buy this watch. 我想买这块手表。 I''d like a refund [a round trip ticket] please. 请退钱给我。[请给我一张双程票。] I''ll have a cup of coffee. 我想要[喝]杯咖啡。 I''m looking for a shirt. 我正想挑件衬衫。 We are [We''re] looking for a two-bedroom apartment. 我们正在找一套两居室的公寓。 I don''t really feel like going to the ballgame. 我并非真心想去打球。 I don''t want to play tennis. 我不想打网球。 I''m not really in the mood to play basketball. 我并非真的有心情去打篮球。 We are [We''re] out of milk. 我们的牛奶喝光了。[我们的牛奶一点儿都没有了。] 15.Invitations表达邀请 Do you want to go out for dinner tonight? 今天晚上你想外出吃晚餐吗? Would you like to go skiing tomorrow? 您愿意明天去滑雪吗? How would you like to go on a picnic tomorrow? 您愿意明天去野餐吗? Would you [by any chance] be interested in taking a ride in the country tomorrow?您有兴趣明天去乡村一游吗? 16.Agreement/Disagreement 同意或不同意 1)Inquiring about… 询问 Don''t you agree? 您不同意吗？ Don''t you think so? 您不那样认为吗？ Wouldn''t you agree [say so]? 您不同意吗？[您有不同的说法吗？] Expressing Agreement 表示同意 I agree (with you). 我同意(您的意见)。 I couldn''t agree with you more. 我完全同意您的意见。 My feelings exactly. 我完全同意您的意见。 I feel the same way. 我认为也是这样。 I guess I do. 我想是这样的。[我想我会……的。] I guess it is. [I guess you''re right.] 我想是这样的。[我想您是对的。] I know. 我知道。[我明白。] I see your point. 我懂得您的想法。 I suppose so (it is). 我想是那样的。 I think so too. 我也这样认为。 I was thinking the same thing. 我的想法一样。 I''ll say! 我也这样认为。[我正是这样想的。] That''s exactly [That''s just] what I was thinking. 我也这样认为。[我也正是这样想的。] You''re right. 您是对的。 Maybe you''re right. 也许您是对的。 Oh yes. It is. 噢，是的，是那样。 That might [may] be true. 可能真的是那样。 That''s a good point. 说得好。[说到点子上了。] That''s right. 对。[没错。] That''s true. 真的。[没错。] You can [could] say that again! 我完全同意您的意见[看法]。 That''s exactly [That''s just] what I was thinking. 我也这样认为。[我也正是这样想的。] You have a point there. 我同意您的看法。 You might [may] be right. 也许您是对的。 2)Expressing Disagreement 表示不同意 I disagree. 我不同意。 I don''t agree [think so]. 我不同意。[我不那样认为。] I don''t know (about that). 我不明白(那一点)。 I don''t mean to disagree with you but… 我不想反对您，但是…… I guess not. 我认为不是那样的。 I hate to disagree with you but… 我不愿反对您，但是…… I suppose not. 我认为不是那样的。 I wish I could agree with you but… 但愿我能与您的意见一致，但是…… I''m not so sure (about that). 关于这一点，我还不能那么肯定[不是那么有把握]。 I''m not sure I agree. 我还不知道是否该同意。 Probably not. 也许不。 Surprise-Disbelief 表达惊奇和怀疑 I was speeding? I was? 我超速了吗？[是吗？] He did? 他干了吗？[是吗？] How about that! 怎么会那样？！[是那样的吗？！] How do you like that! 怎么会那样？！[是那样的吗？！] I don''t [can''t] believe it! 我不相信！ I didn''t know [I didn''t realize I had no idea] I was blocking your parking space. 我没想到我堵住了您的停车位。 I didn''t realize that. 我没意识到。 I wasn''t aware of that. 我没意识到。 Isn''t that something! 怎么会那样？！[是那样的吗？！] It''s amazing how little you can buy! 真难以相信竟然只能买这么少(的东西)。 Oh my goodness! 噢，天啊！ Oh no! 噢，不[别那样]！ Oops! 啊呀！ Really? 真的？ There aren''t [isn''t]? 没有了吗？ Uh-oh! 呃-噢！ Ability/Inability 表达能够/不能够 Inquiring about… 询问 Can you fix cars? 您会修车吗？ Do you know how to [Can you Are you able to] use a word processor? 您会用文字处理软件吗？ Do you think you''d be able to [you could] handle those responsibilities? 您认为您能承担那些职责吗？ 17.Expressing Ability 表达能够 Yes I can. 是的，我能。 I''m sure I can learn quickly. 我有信心很快就能学会。 I''m an experienced mechanic. 我是有经验的机械师。 I''m confident I could learn. 我有信心能学会。 I''m confident I''d be able to learn. 我有信心能学会。 I''ve been using word processor for a long time [since 1990]. 很长时间以来[自1990年以来]我一直在使用文字处理软件。 18.Expressing Inability 表达不能够 No I can''t. 我不会(我不能)。 I''m afraid I can''t. [I''m afraid I won''t be able to.] 恐怕我不会(我不能)。 19.Advice-Suggestions 提出意见或建议 Any other suggestions (ideas)? 还有其他的建议[主意]吗？ Can you suggest [recommend] something for a stuffy nose? 您能对治鼻塞提点建议[推荐方法]吗？ Do you have any suggestions? 您有什么建议吗？ How much do you think we should get? 您认为我们应该捎多少来呢？ How [What] about The Missing Jewels? "遗失的珠宝"这部电影怎么样？ What do you recommend? 您想推荐什么？ 20.Offering… 提出意见、建议 Can I [Could I possibly May I possibly] offer a suggestion? 我可以提个建议吗？ Can I offer you a suggestion [some advice a piece of advice]? 我可以向您提个建议吗？ How [What] about playing tennis? 打网球怎么样？ I have a suggestion. 我有个建议。 I recommend [I''d recommend I suggest I''d suggest Try] Brown''s Pain Pills. 我建议您服用布朗牌止疼片。 I strongly advise you to [recommend that you urge you to] change your diet. 我郑重地劝告您赶紧改变饮食习惯。 I [I''d] suggest that you lose 15 pounds. 我建议您减掉15磅体重。 I think forty dollars will be enough. 我认为花40元就够了。 I think we should [ought to] stop at the bank. 我想我们应该在银行停一下。 I think you should [ought to] call an electrician. 我想您应该(打电话)请一位电工。 I was wondering if I might possibly offer a suggestion. 我在琢磨我是否有可能提个建议。 I''d like to offer a suggestion. 我想提点建议。 I''d suggest that you call the police. 我建议您打电话给警察局。 I''ve been thinking about this for a while. 关于这件事我已经琢磨了一段时间。 If I were you I''d take them to court. 我要是您，就把它们带上法庭。 It might be a good idea to hold your breath. 屏着呼吸可能是个好主意。 It seems to me that we should pipe music into the work areas. 依我看，我们应该在厂区播放音乐。 Let''s do something outdoors today. 我们去户外活动活动吧。 Maybe you should [Maybe you ought to You should probably It might be a good idea to] call a plumber. 也许您该打电话叫管道工。 We could always swim at the lake. 我们向来都(能够)去湖里游泳。 We probably shouldn''t bother him. 也许我们不该打扰他。 We should have a party for her. 我们本该为她开个晚会。 We should probably leave now. 也许我们现在该走了。 Why don''t you hold your breath? 您为什么不试着屏住呼吸呢？ You could [might It might be a good idea to] join a health club. 您可以参加健身俱乐部。 You ought to write to the mayor. 您应该给市长写信。 You really should. 您真应该那样做。 You should go on a diet [try to type faster]. 您应该实行节食[试着打字打快一些]。 第三卷 第三章 ???日?社 21.Responding to… 对意见、建议的反应 Good idea [suggestion]! 好主意[好建议]！ That''s a good idea. 真是个好主意！ That''s an interesting suggestion. 这个建议很有意思。 You''re probably right. 也许您是对的。 I hadn''t thought of that. 我倒没有想到那一点。 I''ll give it some serious consideration. 我会对它作认真考虑的。 Thanks for telling me. 感谢您告诉[提醒]我。 22.Approval/Disapproval 表达赞同/不赞同 1)Inquiring about… 询问 Is that okay? 那样做行吗？ Am I defending you all right? 对我为您作的辩护感到满意吗？ Did I write up this invoice all right? 对我填写这张发票您感到满意吗？ Do you approve of the way I hooked up this computer? 您对我联接这台计算机的方法满意吗？ How do you like the way I hung the wallpaper? 您喜欢我粘贴墙纸的方式吗？ What do you think of the way I assembled this circuit board? 您对我装配这块线路板怎么看？ 2)Expressing… 表示赞同或不赞同 He works very hard. 他工作得很努力。 He''s doing very well. 他干得很好。 His grades are excellent. 他的成绩很优秀。 You did a fine job [a very good job; an excellent job]. 您干得不错[很好，非常好]。 You wrote it up very well. 您写得很好。 I guess so. 我认为如此。 You should be very proud of him. 您应该为他感到非常自豪。 You''re defending me very well. 您为我所作的辩护非常棒。 Actually you should try to type faster. 说实在的，您该试着打字打得快一点。 I think you could have hooked it up a little better. 我认为您本应联接得更好一些。 To be [perfectly] honest with you [In all honesty] I think you could have hooked it up a little better. 要是对您讲真心话，我认为您本应联接得更好一些。 You (really) shouldn''t have passed that car on the right-hand side. 您真不该从右边超那辆车。 23.Asking for and Reporting Information 询问和报告信息 Address? 35 White Street in Middletown. 还有，请问地址？米都镇温特街35号。 Also … 再说，……[此外，……] And one more thing. 还有一件事要说。 And the address? 93 Cliff Street. 还有，请问地址？克里夫街93号。 And what is the amount on your bill? 还有，请问您账单上的金额？ And you? 那么您呢？ And your first name? 还有，请问您的名字？ And your telephone number? 423-6978.还有，请问您的电话号码？423-6978。 Another question. 另外一个问题。 Are you American? Yes I am. I''m from New York. 您是美国人吗？是的，我来自纽约。 Are you busy after work today? I coach my daughter''s soccer team. 今天下班后您忙吗？我要当我女儿的足球队的教练。 Are you currently taking any medication? 近来您服用过药物吗？ Are you feeling okay? No not really. 您感觉还行吗？不，不太好。 Are you from Tokyo [originally from around here]? 您是从东京来的吗？[您的家乡就在周边地区吗？] 24.Besides that … 除此以外，…… Can I ask how much it costs? 我能问问它花了多少钱吗？ Can I ask you a question? 我能向您问一个问题吗？ Can [Could] I ask you how much that will cost? 我能问问您它要花多少钱吗？ Could I ask you to tell me how to use this cash machine?能请您告诉我怎样使用这台取款机吗？ Can you tell me a little more [anything else anything more] (about the position)?您能告诉我一点(有关这个职位的)[任何]其他情况吗？ Can you tell me the recipe? 您能把菜谱告诉我吗？ Could you [Can you Would you] tell me what your name is? 能告诉我您的姓名吗？ Could you [please possibly] tell me how to make a long-distance call?您能告诉我怎样打长途电话名吗？ Could you spell that please [please spell that]? S-A-N-C-H-E-Z. 您能把它拼读出来吗？ Did you make it yourself? Yes I did. 是您自己把它做出来的吗？是的，我自己做的。 Didn''t you go sailing the weekend before? Yes I did. 以前的周末您不是驾过帆船了吗？是的。 Do they ever visit you? No. 他们访问过您吗？ Do we need anything from the supermarket? Yes. We need a quart of milk.我们要去超市买点什么吗？是的，我们需要一夸脱牛奶。 Do you have any questions for me [you''d like to ask me]? [Is there anything you''d like to ask me?] 您有什么问题要问我吗？ Do you have medical insurance [any allergies]? 您有医疗保险[任何过敏症]吗？ Do you have the time [Do you know what time it is]? It''s almost 6:00. 您知道现在的时间吗？现在大约是6点钟。 Do you know your I.D. number? 您知道自己的身份证号码吗？ Do [Would] you by any chance (happen to) know what our expected arrival time in Denver is?也许您知道我们预计到达丹佛的时间吧？ Do you smoke? 您抽烟吗？ Does that include utilities? 那(笔租金)里面包含公用设施费用吗？ It includes everything except electricity. 除电费以外包含一切。 Does this bus go to Westville? It goes to Riverside. 这趟汽车开往韦斯特维尔吗？开往河滨镇。 Does this bus stop at Center Street? 这趟汽车停靠中央大街吗？ First of all … 首先，…… Has Bob gone to the bank yet? Yes he has. He''s already gone there. He went there this morning. Bob已经去过银行了吗？是的，他已经去过银行了。他是今天早晨去的。 Have you seen the top secret report yet? Yes we have. We''ve already seen it. We saw it a few minutes ago. 你们已经看过绝密报告了吗？是的，我们已经看过了。我们是几分钟前看的。 Have you ever flown a 747? No I haven''t but I''ve flown a DC-10. 您驾驶过747型飞机吗？没有，但是我驾驶过DC-10型飞机。 Have you taken inventory before? 以前您制作过存货单吗？ How about you? 您怎么样？[您呢？] How are you enjoying your work? 您喜欢您现在的工作吗？ How come? [Why?] 为什么？ How do you spell that? N-I-E-L-S-O-N. 怎样拼写呢？N-I-E-L-S-O-N。 How did you do? 您是怎样做的？ How did your parents enjoy their vacation in Florida? 您的父母在佛罗里达度假过得愉快吗？ How is David doing in Math this year? 今年David数学学得怎么样？ How long do you plan to stay? 您打算呆多长时间？ How long have you had a migraine headache? 您犯偏头疼有多长时间了？ How long will that take? 那要花多长时间？ How many windows are there? 有多少个窗户？ How much does it weigh? 它[那]有多重？[它的重量是多少？] How much is the rent [ it ]? It''s a month. 租金是多少？租金是每月700美元。 How much will it cost? That''ll cost five ninety-four.(那)要花多少钱？总共是5.94元。 How often do you talk to your kids in college? We usually call them on Sunday evenings. 隔多长时间你们同大学里的孩子们通话？通常我们在星期天晚上给他们打电话。 I asked him if he could fix it. 我问(过)他是否会修理它。 I have just one more question. 我只需要再问一个问题了。 I have some bad news. 我有条坏消息。 I have some good news. Really? What is it? 我有条好消息。真的？什么好消息？ I heard it on the radio. 我是从收音机里听到的。 I read it in the paper. 我是在报纸上读到的。 I saw the forecast on TV. 我看到了电视上的预报。 I think this bread is stale. 我想[认为]这块面包变味了。 I told him our toilet wouldn''t flush. 我告诉(过)他我们的厕所不冲水了。 I want to report an emergency [accident]! 我要报告一件紧急情况[意外]。 I was at the movies. [I was in Detroit.] 我那时正在电影院[底特律]。 I''d be interested in knowing whether you''re pleased with Lucy''s work. [I''d be interested to know…; I was wondering…; I was wondering if you could tell me…] 我很想知道您是否对Lucy的工作感到满意。 I''d like the number of Carlos Ramirez. 我想得到Carlos的电话号码。 I''d like some information about opening a checking account.我想知道开活期存款账户的情况。 I''d like to know whether [if] you have flights between Chicago and Miami. 我想知道你们是否有芝加哥和迈阿密之间的航班。 I''d just like to get some information from you. 我正想从您那儿得到点儿信息。 I''m afraid she isn''t here right now. 恐怕她现在不在这里。 I''m calling to ask her where she left the car keys. 我打电话是要问她把汽车钥匙留在哪儿了。 I''m calling to ask if you''d be interested in going to the museum with me tomorrow. 我打电话是想问您是否愿意明天和我一起去博物馆。 I''m calling to tell him his car is ready. 我打电话是想告诉他 他的汽车已经(修)好了。 I''m taking a shower. 我正在洗澡。 25.In addition to that … 除此以外，…… Is anything wrong [the matter troubling you]? 有什么不妥吗？[有什么麻烦吗？] Is it yours? No it isn''t mine. 那是您的吗？不，那不是我的。 Is it valuable? Yes it is. It''s a camera. 它值钱吗？是的，值钱。那是一架照相机。 Is 9:00 tomorrow morning convenient? 明天上午9点钟(对您)方便吗？ Is that right? 那是对的吗？[那样行吗？] Is that so? 是那样的吗？ Is that true? 那是真的吗？[真是那样的吗？] Is there a history of heart disease in your family? 您的家族里有人有心脏病史吗？ Is there a refrigerator in the kitchen? 厨房里有冰箱吗？ Is This 328-7178? 这是328-7178吗？ Is This the plane to Atlanta? 这是去亚特兰大的飞机吗？ It''s ten percent off. 打九折。 Just one or two more questions if that''s okay. 如果可以，我想再问一两个问题。 May [Can Could] I ask who''s calling? 我能问问您是谁吗？[请问您是谁？] My apartment is on fire! 我的公寓着火了！ My father is having a heart attack! 我的父亲犯心脏病了！ My son is bleeding very badly! 我的儿子流血流得很厉害！ My wife can''t breathe! 我的妻子不能呼吸了！ Occupation? Shoe salesman. 请问您的职业？鞋商。 On top of that … 除此以外，…… Spell the last name please. J-E-N-S-E-N. 请您拼读出您的姓。J-E-N-S-E-N。 Telephone [Phone] number? 293-7637. 电话号码是多少？293-7637。 Tell me where are you from [what did I do wrong]? 请告诉我，您是哪里人？[我出什么错了？] Tell me a little about yourself. 请告诉我一点儿您个人的情况。 That comes to [That''s] twenty-six ninety-five. 总共是26.95元。 That''ll be twenty-four dollars and fifty cents. 总共是24美元50美分。 The cashier at the drug store told me.(是)药店出纳告诉我的(的)。 The number is 863-4227.(电话)号码是863-4227。 There are four windows in the living room. 起居室[客厅]有4扇窗户。 There aren''t any more cookies. 一块饼干都没有了。 There isn''t any more milk. 一点儿牛奶都没有了。 There''s a very nice refrigerator in the kitchen. 厨房里有一个很好的冰箱。 They said so on the morning news. 在早间新闻里他们那样说。 They''re half price. 它们卖半价[五折]。 We need some information. 我们需要一些信息。 What are you doing? I''m fixing my car. 您正在做什么？我在修我的汽车。 What can you tell us about the apartment? 关于这套公寓您能告诉我们一些什么呢？ What city? Chicago. 哪座城市？芝加哥。 What day is it? It''s Monday. 今天是星期几？今天是星期一 What did I do wrong? You were speeding. 我做错什么了？您驾车超速了。 What did you do? I cleaned my house. 您做什么了？我打扫房子了。 What did the sign say? 牌子上写着什么？ What did you put in? 您加进了什么？ What do you do? I''m a repairperson. 您的职业是什么？我是修理工。 What do you want to know? 您想知道些什么？ What do you repair? I repair refrigerators. 您修理什么？我修理冰箱。 What does your mother do? She''s a security guard. 您母亲的职业是什么？她是保安员。 What does he look like? 他是什么模样？ What exactly are the book keeper''s responsibilities? 准确地说，记账员的职责是什么？ What floor do you live on? 您住在哪一层楼？ What kind of TV shows do you like [is it]? 您喜欢哪一类电视节目？[那是哪一类电视节目？] What makes you say that [think so]? 是什么使得您那样说[那样想]？ What movie did you see? 您看的是哪部电影？ What needs to be done to fix it? 修理它需要做些什么？ What seems to be the problem? 看起来是什么问题？[看来问题出在哪里？] What street? Hudson Avenue. 是哪条街？哈德森大道。 What position do you have open? 您有哪些职位需要招聘人员？ What time is it? It''s 1:30. 现在是什么时间？现在是1:30。 What would you like to know? 您想了解些什么？ What''s in it [them]? 里面有什么？ What''s it about? 那是关于什么的？ What''s on? Dr. Goodbody is on Channel 2. 正在播放什么节目？二频道在播"健康博士"。 What''s the matter (with you)? I have a headache.(您)怎么了？我头疼。 What''s the problem? My kitchen sink is leaking. 有什么问题[难题]？我的厨房里水槽漏水。 What''s the weather like? It''s raining. 天气怎么样？是雨天。 What''s wrong (with it)? It''s leaking. 出什么问题啦？漏水。 What''s your address? 10 Main Street. 您的地址是什么？梅恩大街10号。 What''s your date of birth? May 15th 1975. 您的生日是哪一天？1975年5月15日。 What''s [What is] your last name? 您姓什么？ What''s your name? 您的名字是什么？ What''s your Social Security number? 您的社会保险号是多少？ When did you buy it? 您是什么时候买(它)的？ When is the next bus to Buffalo? It''s at 4:10. 下一班去巴法罗的车什么时候开？4:10开。 When will she be back? She''ll be back in a hour. 她什么时候回来？她一个小时后回来。 Where are you from? Japan. I''m from Osaka. 您从什么地方来？日本。我是大阪人。 Where are you going? To the library. [I''m going to the library.] 您去哪儿？我去图书馆。 Where can I get the 8:30 flight to Chicago? 在哪儿我可以登上8:30去芝加哥的飞机？ Where did the accident happen? 事故发生在什么地方？ Where did you hear that? 您是在哪儿听到的？ Where does she work? She works at the Acme Company. 她在哪儿工作？她在Acme公司上班。 Where in Italy are you from? 您是从意大利的什么地方来？ Where''s it going? To Detroit. 开往哪儿？开往底特律。 Which apartment do you live in? 您住在哪套公寓？ Which bus goes to Westville? The Number 30 bus. 哪趟车开往韦斯特维尔？30路汽车。 Who cut it? 谁剪[切]的？ Who did you hear? 您听到谁(说话)了？ Who is your supervisor? 谁是您的主管？ Who told you that? 谁告诉您的？ Who''s in it? 谁在里面？ Whose sock is his? 谁(那儿)的短袜是他的？ Why are you banging on the vending machine? 您为什么敲打无人售货机？ Why are you here? 您为什么会在这儿？ Why did you buy it? 您为什么买下它？ Why didn''t you come to the company''s annual picnic? 为什么您不参加公司的年度野餐聚会？ Why do you feel that way? 为什么您会有那样的感受？ Why do you say that [think so]? 您为什么说那些话[那样想]？ Why was the president late? 为什么主席迟到了？ Will she be back soon? She won''t be back until three. 她快回来了吗？她三点以后才会回来。 Would you happen to know your account number? 您还记得住您的账户号码吗？ Your change is two dollars and seventy-five cents. 您的零钱是2美元75美分。 You won''t believe what happened! 您真难相信都发生什么事儿了！ 26.Clarification 澄清、阐明 Asking for Clarification 请求阐明 What do you mean? 您指的是什么？[什么意思？] What does that mean? 那指的是什么？[那是什么意思？] I''m afraid I''m not following you. 恐怕我没听懂(您说的)。 I''m not really sure what you''re getting at. 我没完全明白您说的意思。 27.Giving Clarification 进一步阐明 What I mean is…[What you mean is…] 我的[您的]意思是…… What I''m saying is…[What you''re (really) saying is…] 我说的[您真正的]意思是…… What I''m trying to say is…[What you''re trying to say is…] 我想[您想]说的是…… What that means is they aren''t working right now. 那个[那句话的]意思是现在他们没在工作。 In other words… 换句话说，…… I didn''t say I wanted to break up. 我并没有说我想分手。 I just said I thought we should see other people. 我刚才说过我想我们应该看看其他人。 28.Complaining 抱怨 I don''t mean to complain but… 我没打算抱怨，但是…… I don''t want to complain but… 我不想抱怨，但是…… I hate to complain but… 我不想抱怨，但是…… I''m really annoyed with [upset with mad at angry at] the landlord. 房东真的把我惹恼[怒]了。 29.Complimenting 表达赞美 1)Expressing Compliments 表示赞扬、赞美 Mmm! 嗯！ It was/They were excellent! 它[它们]很精彩！它[它们]真棒！ It''s [They''re] excellent! [delicious very good fantastic] 它[它们]的味道真好！[真奇妙！] It''s very nice [colorful smart-looking fancy impressive exotic]. 非常好。[色彩真鲜艳。真精神。真有趣。真能打动人。真有情调。] This is/These are delicious [excellent wonderful superb fantastic]! 味道真好！[真棒！真神！] I (really) like [love] your jacket. 我(真的)喜欢您的夹克衫。 These egg rolls are delicious! 这些蛋卷真好吃！ This cake is delicious! 这块蛋糕味道真好！ You are a very accurate translator! 您真是位严谨的翻译！ Your cake was delicious! 您的蛋糕(做得)真好吃！ 2)Responding to Compliments 对赞扬、赞美的反应 Thank you (for saying so). 谢谢您(说的话)。 Do you really think so? 您真的那样认为？ Oh did you really like it/them? 噢，您确实喜欢它(们)吗？ 30.Congratulating 祝贺 Congratulations! 祝贺您！ That''s great [fantastic wonderful]! 真棒！[太好了！] 第三卷 第四章 ?????? 31.Correcting 纠正 1)Giving Correction 表达纠正 Excuse me but I don''t think that''s the right price. 对不起，我认为价格不对头。 No actually not. 不，实际上不是。[实际上没有。] Not really. 不是真正如此。[不完全是那样。] That isn''t exactly right [correct]. 不完全正确[是那样]。 That isn''t quite right [correct]. 不大正确。 That really isn''t so. 真的不是那样。 No."J".[No. Edward Bratt.] 不，应该是J货道[应该是Edward Bratt]。 Actually the sale ends on Friday. 事实上，(打折)销售到星期五结束。 You aren''t frying the eggs the right way [right correctly]. 你炒鸡蛋的方法不对。 You''re at the wrong window. 您没找对(营业)窗口。 You''re supposed to grease the pan first. 你应该先往锅里加点儿油。 2)Responding to Correction 对纠正的反应 Oh. You''re right. 噢，您是对的。 Thank you for correcting me [calling that to my attention]. 感谢您纠正了我的错误[提醒了我]。 Thank you [Thanks] for telling me [letting me know]. 感谢您告诉我[让我知道]。 I didn''t know that [I wasn''t aware of that]. 我没搞清楚[我没有注意到]。 3)Denying/Admitting 表达否认/承认 Admitting 表达承认 The reason is that I had to take my daughter to the doctor. 理由是我不得不带女儿去看病。 The fact of the matter is I overslept. 情况是这样的，我睡过头了。 The truth is I didn''t know about it. 说实话，我不知道这件事。 4)Denying 表达否认 That''s wrong. 错了。[不对。] That''s not true. 那不是真的。[情况不是那样的。] You''re mistaken. 您出错了。 32.Describing 描述 He''s short with black hair. 他是黑头发的矮个儿。 His is larger. [Hers Theirs…] 他[她，他们]的是大的。 I have to admit [To be honest To tell the truth] I don''t really enjoy crime shows very much.说实在话，我不太喜欢看描写犯罪的节目。 It has two bedrooms a large living room and a very nice kitchen.它有两间卧室、一间大客厅和一间很棒的厨房。 It''s the firmest mattress in the store. 这是店里最结实的床垫。 It''s very large. It''s large than that one. 它很大。它比那一个大。 They''re a popular Maxican dish. 那是人们喜爱的一道墨西哥菜。 33.Directions-Location 方位 1)Inquiring about Location 询问位置 Where (is it)?(它)在哪里？ Where are washing machines located? 洗衣机(摆放)在哪里？ Where can I find it [yogurt]? 在哪儿我可以找到它[果味酸奶]？ Where''s the butter? 奶油在哪儿？ Is there a post office nearby? 附近有邮局吗？ Asking for Directions 询问方向 Can you (please possibly) tell me how to get to the bus station? 您能告诉我汽车站怎么走吗？ Could [Can] you tell me how to get there? 您能告诉我怎样去那儿吗？ 2)Giving Directions 指出方向 Drive [Go] about five or six blocks. 开车[步行]走大约五六个街区。 Drive [Walk] down this road until you get to the first traffic light. 沿这条路开车[步行]直到第一个红绿灯。 Drive [Go] that way two miles. 顺着那条路开车[步行]走两英里。 Follow Main Street. 顺着中央大街走。 Go to the next corner. 走到下一个转弯处。 Go [Walk] two blocks to Grove Street. 走两个街区到达格儒弗大街。 It''s on Dixon Street.(它)在迪克松大街。 Look for the museum on the right. 在右边寻找博物馆。 Take a left/right (at the next intersection). (在下一个十字路口)左/右转弯。 Take the escalator over there down one floor. 在那边下一层楼后乘自动扶梯。 Take the Second Avenue bus and get off at Park Street. 乘第二大道的公共汽车到帕克大街下。 Take the first right/left after the supermarket. 过了超市后向右/左转。 Take the interstate north to Exit 7. 沿州级公路向北到7号出口。 Turn right /left (on Grove Street). 到格儒弗大街后向右/左转。 Walk that way to Second Avenue and turn right. 顺着那条路走到第二大道后向右转。 Walk along Park Avenue. 沿着帕克大街走。 Walk up this staircase one flight and you''ll be on"3". 顺着这条楼梯上一层您就到三楼了。 You''ll see a sign (for the interstate). 您会看到一块(标示州级公路的)牌子。 3)Giving Location指明位置 Across the street from Charlie''s Caféon M Street. 在M街的Charlie咖啡馆那儿过马路。 At the corner of Maple and B Street. 在梅普尔街和B街的街角处。 At the intersection of Harrison Road and 30th Street. 在哈里森路和第30街的交叉路口处。 In front of the Save-Rite Store on Fifth Street. 在第5街的Save-Rite商店前面。 It''s between the library and the clinic. 它在图书馆和诊所之间。 It''s in Aisle 1 on the top [bottom] shelf next to the toothpaste. 在1货道的顶[底]层，牙膏旁边。 It''s in Aisle 3 on the right [halfway down on the left]. 在3货道的右边[往前走到中间的左边]。 It''s in the Cold Medicine section next to the aspirin [near the checkout counter].在感冒药货位，紧靠阿司匹林处[在交款处附近]。 It''s next to [across from around the corner from] the bank. 在银行旁边[对面][所在的街角处]。 It''s on Main Street. 在梅恩大街上。 Near Exit 17. 靠近17号出口。 On the north side of Crystal Pond. 在水晶池塘的北面。 Shirts are in Aisle 3 [on that counter over there on that rack in the front/back of the store]. 衬衫在3货道[在那个柜台，在那边，在那个架子上，在商店的前/后部] The bus station is on the left [on the right]. 公共汽车站在左边[在右边]。 The bus station is on the left next to the post office. 公共汽车站在左边，挨着邮局。 There''s a post office on Main Street. 在梅恩大街上有一个邮局。 They''re in Aisle J [on… near…]. 它们在J货道。[在……上，在……附近] 34.Disappointment 表达失望 I''m a little [I''m very] disappointed. 我有点儿[我很]失望。 That''s too bad. 真糟糕。[真不幸。] Fear-Worry-Anxiety 表达恐惧-担心-焦虑 Don''t worry. 别担心。[别着急。] I''m afraid he''d fire me! 恐怕他要解雇我。 I''m concerned about your weight. 我担心您的体重(过大)。 Granting Forgiveness 表达宽恕 Don''t worry about it. 别担心。[别着急。] No problem. 没问题。[不要紧。] That''s [It''s]okay.不要紧。 Identifying 识别 This is Joe from the repair shop. 我是修理行的Joe。 This is Max his agent. 我是Max，是他的代理人。 I''m Jane your neighbor across the street. 我叫Jane，是您马路对面的邻居。 Trans-Global Airlines. Barbara speaking. 我是环球航空公司的Barbara。 My ears are ringing. 我耳鸣。 My neck is stiff. 我的颈脖僵疼。 She has a bad toothache. 她牙疼很厉害。 He''s feeling very dizzy. 他感到很头晕。 The one with the 25-inch screen. [The one that makes 12 cups.] 配有25英寸屏幕的那一种。[能冲12杯的那一种。] 35.Instructing 提供指导 Be sure to follow the directions on the label. 一定要遵照标签上的说明(服用)。 Tell him to put cold water on the burn. 告诉他，在烧伤处敷凉水。 Dial"one". Dial the area code. Then dial the local number. 拨1，拨区号，然后拨当地号码。 Please put them in the dining room. 请把它们摆在餐厅。 Put it in the living room. 把它放在客厅。 Take one tablet three times a day. 每天服3次，每次1片。 Touch your toes. (verbs: take off sit hold lie look say) 触摸您的脚趾。 First …Then …Next …And then (After that )… 首先，……其次，……然后，……再然后，…… Then…After that … 然后，……其后，…… 36.Intention 表达意愿 1)Inquiring about… 询问 How much longer will you be talking on the phone? 您还要再打多长时间电话？ What do you plan to do? 您打算做什么？ What are you going to do this weekend? 周末您打算做什么？ When are you going to fix my sink? 您打算什么时候修理我的水槽？ 2)Expressing… 表达意愿 I will. 我愿意。[我将……] I''ll be talking on the phone for another half hour. 我还要再打半小时电话。 I''ll get a quart of milk [right away]. 我(这就)去捎[买]回来一夸脱牛奶。 I''ll try to fix it soon. 我将尽快修理它。 I''m going out to do a few errands. 我打算在户外干几件家务活。 I''m going [I''m planning I intend] to see a play. 我打算去看话剧。 I was going to write it at the end of the week. 我(当时)打算周末去写(它)。 I was planning to set them in a little while. 我(当时)打算稍后去布置它们。 We''re going to take the kids to the zoo tomorrow. 我们打算明天带孩子们去动物园。 We''re planning to see a movie tomorrow night. 我们打算明天晚上去看电影。 37.Accepting…接受邀请 I''d like to. [I''d love to.] 我愿意去。[我喜欢去。] That sounds great [like fun]. 听起来真棒[真有趣]。 Declining… 谢绝邀请 I''m afraid I can''t. [I''m afraid I won''t be able to.] 恐怕我不能(去)。 Maybe we can go out for dinner some other time. 或许我们改天可以外出吃晚餐。 38.Persuading-Insisting 表达说服和坚持 Please. 求您了。 Listen! 求您了！ Look! 求您了！ Oh come on! 噢，求您了！ And besides … 再说，…… Possibility/Impossibility 表达能够/不能够 Inquiring about… 询问 Isn''t it supposed to be very warm tomorrow? (人们)是否认为明天天气很暖和？ Is that likely? 那可能吗？ 39.Expressing Possibility/Probability 阐明可能性 I might go to a museum. 我可能去博物馆。 I''ll probably [I''ll most likely I''m pretty sure I''ll] stay home and study English. 我很可能呆在家里学习英语。 You might [You may You could possibly It''s possible you''ll] feel tired. 您可能会感到倦乏。 You could have caused an accident. (按说)你本来会引发事故的。 You might have gotten a ticket.(按说)你本该收到罚单的。 40.Promising 表达应允 Can I depend on [rely on count on] you to deposit this money? 我能拜托您帮我存入这笔钱吗？ 41.Offering a Promise 作出许诺 Absolutely! 当然！[完全可以！没问题！] Definitely! 当然！[完全可以！没问题！] You can depend on [rely on count on] me. 您相信我好了。 I promise I''ll fix your sink this week. 我答应我将在这个星期修理您的水槽。 42.Reacting to Information 对获得信息的反应 Oh really? 噢，真的？ That''s interesting. 真有趣。 Remembering/Forgetting 表达记住/忘记 Indicating… 表达 If I remember correctly it was for twenty-five dollars. 如果我没记错，那是25美元。 As far as I remember it was for thirty-six dollars. 就我所记得的，那是36美元。 I forgot (to tell you). 我忘了(告诉您)。 I completely forgot. 我完全忘记了。 I forgot all about it. 我完全忘记了。 It completely slipped my mind. 我一点儿都记不得了。 Inquiring about… 询问 Did I forget to print my name on the deposit slip? 我忘记在存款单上签名了吗？ Did you (happen to) remember to pay the telephone bill? 您记得付电话费了吗？ Do you (happen to) remember the amount? 您记住数额了吗？ 43.Reminding… 提醒 Remember…We have to buy stamps. 记住，我们要买些邮票。 44.Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction 表达满意/不满意 Did you enjoy it? 您对它[对此]感到满意吗？ What seems to be the matter [problem] with it? 那是什么问题？[究竟怎么回事？] What''s the problem [What''s the matter What''s wrong] with it? 什么问题？[出什么错了？] How does the jacket fit? [How do the pants fit?] 这件夹克[这条裤子]合身吗？ 45.Expressing Satisfaction/ Dissatisfaction 表达满意/不满意 Yes. It was excellent. 是的，真好[真棒][非常出色]。 It still isn''t working right. 它还是工作不正常。[它还是不起作用。] It''s too short.(它)太短了。 They''re too long.(它们)太长了。 Wish-Hope 表达愿望或希望 I hope things work out for you. 但愿您事情办得顺利。 I hope you enjoy yourself. 我希望您玩得愉快。 I wish they would buy us computers. 我真希望他们为我们买计算机。 第四卷 第一章 ???日?? 英语五个基本句式 从英语的句子结构上说，除了修饰名词的定语和修饰动词的状语外，在千变万化的句子中可归纳为五个基本句式，一般地说，某些动词用在某一句式中，下面笔者把这些句型和常用的动词进行归类 供你参考。 1.S(主） + Vi（不及物动词）（谓） Time flies. 1) S + V + adverbial(状语） Birds sing beautifully. 2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介词短语） He went on holiday. 3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式） We stopped to have a rest. 4) S + Vi+ Participle (分词） I''ll go swimming. 2. S (主）+ Vt （及物动词）（谓）+ O（宾） We like English. 1) S + VT + N/Pron I like music. I like her. 2) S + VT + infinitive(不定式） I want to help him. 常用于这句型的动词有：attempt dare decide desire expect hope intend learn need offer pretend promise propose purpose refuse want wish等。 3) S + VT + Wh-Word + Infinitive I don''t know what to do. 常用于这句型的动词有：ask consider decide discover explain find out forget guess inquire know learn observe remember see settle tell think understand wonder等。 4) S + VT + Gerund I enjoy living here. 常用于这句型的动词有：admit advise avoid consider defend enjoy excuse finish forbid mind miss practise risk suggest give up can''t help等。 5) S + VT + That-clause I don''t think (that) he is right. 常用于这句型的动词有：Admit believe command confess declare demand deny doubt expect explain feel(觉得） hear（听说） hope imagine intend know mean mind（当心） notice propose request report say see（看出），show suggest suppose think understand wish wonder(觉得奇怪）。 3. S (主）+ V（谓）（lv)( 系动词）+ P（表） We are Chinese. 除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel smell taste sound look appear seem 等。2) 表转变变化的动词，become get grow turn go 等。 3)表延续的动词 remain keep seem hold stay rest等。4)表瞬时的动词 come fall set cut occur等 5)其他动词 eat lie prove ring run shine sit stand continue hang等。 1) S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词） He is a boy. This is mine. 2) S + Lv + Adj（形容词） She is beautiful. 3) S + Lv + Adv (副词） Class is over. 4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health. 5) S + Lv + Participle(分词） He is excited. The film is interesting. 4. S (主）+ VT （谓）+ In O（间接 宾） + D O（直接 宾） I give you help. 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N I sent him a book. I bought May a book. 2) S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phrase He sent a book to me. He bought a coat for me. 间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow bring deny do(带来）， give grant hand leave lend offer owe pass pay permit promise read refuse render restore sell send show teach tell wish write等。 间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring buy cash choose fetch get leave make order paint play(演奏），save sing spare等。 5. S (主）+ VT（谓）+ O（宾） + O C（宾补） I make you clear. 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N We named our baby Tom. 常用于这句型的动词有：appoint call choose elect entitle find make name nominate(命名）。 2) S + VT + N/Pron + Adj He painted the wall white. 常用于这句型的动词有：beat boil cut drive find get hold keep leave like make paint see set turn want wash wipe wish等。 3) S + VT + N/Pron + Prep Phrase She always keeps everything in good order. 4) S + VT + N/Pron + Infinitive I wish you to stay. I made him work 常用于这句型的动词有：a)不定式带to的词：advice allow ask beg cause choose command decide encourage expect force get hate invite know leave like love order permit persuade prefer remain request teach tell want warn wish等。b)不定式不带to的词：feel have hear know let listen to look at make notice see watch等。 5) S + VT + N/Pron + Participle (分词） I heard my name called. I feel something moving. 常用于这句型的动词有：catch feel find get have hear imagine keep leave listen to look at notice observe perceive see set smell start watch等。 6) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive He show me how to do it. 常用于这句型的动词有：advise ask inform show teach tell等。 7) S + VT + N/Pron + That-clause He told me that the film was great. 常用于这句型的动词有：assure inform promise remind teach tell warm等。 8) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-Clause He asked me what he should do. 常用于这句型的动词有：Advise ask inform show teach tell. 英语常用句型 初学英语的人常常感到在掌握一些英语单词和基本语法后，在英语说和写方面还是很难表达自己，笔者认为其中一个原因是没有掌握一些英语句型，只有掌握了一些句型才能比较正确、完整地表达自己。下面是笔者收集的一些常用句型。 1. 否定句型 1) 一般否定句 I don''t know this. No news is good news. There is no person (smoke)/not a person/not any person (smoke) in the house. 2)特指否定 He went to his office not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don''t think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right. 3)部分否定 All the answers are not right All is not gold that glitters I don''t know all of them. I can''t see everybody/everything. Both of them are not right. 4)全体否定 None of my friends smoke. I can see nothing/nobody. Neither of them is right. Nothing can be so simple as this. 5) 延续否定 You didn''t see him neither/nor did I. You don''t know I don''t know either. He doesn''t know English let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of (更不用说） French. 6) 半否定句 We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing. I know little English. I saw few people. 7) 双重否定 You can''t make something out of nothing. What''s done cannot be undone. There is no sweet without sweat. No gain without pains. I can''t help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it. No man is so old but (that) he can learn. 8)排除否定 Everyone is ready except you. He did nothing but play. But for your help I couldn''t do it. 9)加强否定 I won''t do it at all. I can''t see it any more. He is no longer a boy. 2. 判断句型 1) 一般判断句 It is important for us to learn English. It is kind of you to help me sincere means honest. The boy is called/named Tom. We regarded/consider it as an honor. 2)强调判断 It is English that we should learn. It is he who helped me a lot. 3)弱式判断 Your sentence doesn''t sound/look/appear/feel right. You look/seem as if/as thought you had been there before. Maybe/Perhaps/ she is ill. He is probably ill. He is likely ill. It is possible that he is late 4) 注释判断 He can remember so many English words that is (to say) he is a living dictionary.(活字典） 5) 正反判断 That sounds all right but in fact it is not. 6) 比较判断 It is more a picture than a poem. 7) 互斥判断 He or you are wrong. Either he is right or I am. 3. 祝愿祁使句式 1) 一般句式 Study hard and keep fit. Be brave! Don''t be shy! Get out of here. 2)强语式 Do tell me. Never tell a lie. 3) 委婉祈使句 Please tell me the true. Would/Will/Won''t do me a favor? Would/Do you mind my smoking? What/How/ about going on foot? 4)建议祈使句 Let us go. Let us know the time. Don''t let the fire out. Let''s not waste the time. You''d better start early. Shall we listen to some music? Why don''t you get something to drink? Suppose/supposing you pick me up at about six? I suggest we (should) take the train. 5)祝愿句 Success to you! Wish you a good journey. May you have a happy marriage. Here''s to your success! Allow me to propose a toast to our friendship! 4. 感叹句型 How well he speaks! How kind she is! What a nice weather it is! Here he comes! Such is life! Wonderful! Help! 5. 疑问句型 1) 一般疑问句 Is he a doctor? Do you the way to the station? 2)反意疑问句 He is a teacher isn''t he? It is quite cheap don''t you think? 3) 特殊疑问句 What is the distance/width/size/population/temperature/fare? Who is he? What is he?(干什么的） What is he like? How is he? How do you like him? What do you think of him? What ever do you mean by saying this? 4)选择疑问句 He is a doctor or a nurse? 5)间接疑问句 Do you know how old he is? Tell me if (whether) you like it. What do you think/say/suppose I should do? 6. 数词句型 1) 表数目 It is exactly ten o''clock. It is five miles away from here. He is more than/over/ at least not less than 20. He is under/at most/no more than 20. 2)表年月日 He was born on April 22 1994/in 1994 on the morning of Oct.1. 3)表年龄 He is 20 years old/years of age. He is at the age of 10. 4)表倍数 It is four times that of last years. This is four times as big (again) as that one. This is four times bigger than that one. The income is double what it was. The output of coal was 200% greater than in 1998. 5)表计量 It is 10 meters long/wide/high. It costs me 100 yuan. I spent 10 hours to finish it. It took me 10 days to finish it. It is worth 100 yuan. 7. 关联指代句型 1)两项关连 I have two books one is Chinese; the other English. I have five books one is Chinese; the others English. To say is one thing but/and/ to do is another. One the one hand I am your teacher and on the other hand I am also you friend. Some like to play football others are fond of basketball. 2)先后顺序 First/firstly I wish good health second/secondly success in your study third/thirdly good luck in everything. First stop then look finally cross. At first/in the beginning/ he word hard. Later/Afterwards he is not so diligent. 3)修饰限制 This is the same book as I lost yesterday. This is the same book that I lost yesterday.(同一本书） Don''t trust such a man as over praise you. He/One/Those/They who should come failed to appear. A man/A person/The one/Anyone/People who saw her liked her very much. The day/time/moment will come when China is strongest in the world. 4) 两项连接 He can speak not only English but also French. The book is both interesting and instructive. It is neither cold nor hot. Please either come in or go out. The old worker has experience and knowledge as well. 5)加和关系 Besides literature we have grammar and writing. Apart from oxygen there are some other gases in the air. In addition to "if" there is many other conjunctions that can introduce conditional clauses. I must go now incidentally if you want that book. You seem to like tea so do I. 8. 比较句型 1)等比句 He is as tall as I. He is the same height as I. She is no less diligent than he. The lab is no better than a cottage. 2) 差比句 I speak English worse than he does. He is not so/as tall as I am. Our knowledge is much inferior to their. 3) 极比句 He is the tallest of all in the class. None/No one/ is so blind as those that won''t see. Nothing is so easy as this. 4)比例句 The more a man knows the more he feels his ignorance(无知）. 5) 择比句 He is taller than any other boy in the class It is better late than never. They would die than live as slaves He prefers doing to talking He prefers to do rather than to talk. He prefers mathematics to English. I''d rather stay here. 6)对比句 You think me idle but on the contrary I am busy. They are working hard while you are wasting your time. 9. 比喻句型 We must work like him. He behaves as his father does. He speaks English as if/though he was a foreigner. 10. 条件假设句 1) 一般事实 If we succeed what will the people say? Suppose it rains what shall we do? Persevere(坚持） and you''ll succeed. 2)虚拟条件句 If I were you I would go. If you had seen it you would have been moved. 3)反条件句 Unless you try you''ll never succeed. Don''t move or/else/otherwise I''ll shot. 4)唯一条件句 If only I have another chance I shall do better. Only in this way can we learn English well. So/As long as we don''t lose heart we''ll succeed. 5)推论条件句 Since that is so there is no more to say. Now that you are grown up you must stop this behavior. 11. 时间句型 1)一般时 When I see him I''ll tell him. 2) 表同时 You''ll grow wiser as you grow older. Work while you work play while you play. He worked at the same/in the meantime he listened to the music. 3)限制时 Every/each time when I went to his house he was out. By the time that we got there he was out. 4)交替时 Sometimes he sings sometimes he dances. At one time the baby cries at another it talks. 5)先时 I stopped hem before he began to talk with me. 6)后时 I''ll tell you after I finish it. 7)紧接时 As soon as I see him I''ll tell him. Once you begin you must continue. The (very) moment/instant (that) I saw him I recognized him. On hearing the news she bust into tears. Hardly had I seen the light when I heard a loud thundering. 8)延续时 I haven''t seen him since I came here. A friend is never know till/until a man have need. 12. 地点句型 1) 一般地点 Where have you been? Where there is a will there is a way. 2)方位 Hebei lies in the east of China. Japan is lies to the east of China. The house faces (to) the south. He is sitting at the front of the classroom He is standing in front of/before me. He is sitting at the back of/behind me. He is sitting in the back of/at the rear of the classroom. He is sitting next to/besides me. He is sitting close to/near me. At the top of/On top of the shelf there are some books. He is sitting on the left/right. The mountain you see to the right is the Purple Mountain. 13. 原因句型 He didn''t go to school because he was ill. Since we are all here let''s begin our meeting. It might rain yesterday for the ground was wet. Now (that) we have finished the work we can go home. I am glad to meet you. I am sorry that I hear that. Thank you for your help. That is why he failed to come. He didn''t come because of/on account of the weather. He went out of curiosity. I succeeded thanks to his help. This failure is due to the fact they lack experience. Owing to our joint efforts the task was fulfilled. What are studying English for? For what reason did you choose this? What''s the point of asking his to do that? How come you never told me about it? What with the wind and what with the rain our walk was spoiled. 14. 目的句型 He stopped aside so that she could go in. He sits in the front in order that he can see words clearly. He gets up early so as to/in order to have time to do exercises. He repeated it for fear that there should be any mistake. 15. 结果句型 It was very cold so that the river froze. They cost a lot of money so/therefore we use them carefully. He is such a good man that every one likes him. He ran so fast that no one could catch him. He hurried to the house only to find that it was empty. I was caught in the rain. As a result I had a bad cold. 16. 程度句型 How often do you write to your parents? How long do you stay at home? It is so beautiful that we all love it. It is too big for you. He is too excited to speak. He is not old enough to know this. The letter must be sent as soon as possible You must work as hard as you can. As far as I know I can speak only English. 17. 让步句型 Though/Although he is rich (yet/still) he doesn''t show off. Yang as he is he know a lot of things. Even if/though he succeeded he was not proud. No matter what you say I''ll still try to do it. Keep calm whatever happens. In spite of this we must go ahead with our plans. Regardless of all the difficulties we''ll fight it out to the end. 18. 转折句型 I searched everywhere but could not find him. You may go only return quickly. He is seriously ill still there is hope of his recovery. It looked like rain however it was clear in the afternoon. He is still young yet he is high up in the position. He didn''t tell me the truth I know it though. 19. 省略句 I think/say/suppose/expect/believe/hope so. Why not come earlier next time? 第四卷 第二章 ?????? Selected from Greeting People打招呼 Leaving taking 道别 Introductions 作介绍 Gratitude 表达感激和赞赏 Sympathizing表达同情 Initiating a Topic or Conversations 引起一个话题或对话 Certainty/Uncertainty 表达肯定/不肯定 Checking One''s Own Understanding 检查自己是否理解 Indicating Understanding 表示理解 Hesitating 表达犹豫 Permission 表达允许 Obligation 表达责任和义务 Likes/Dislikes 表达喜欢/不喜欢 Want-Desire 表达需要和愿望 Invitations表达邀请 Agreement/Disagreement 同意或不同意 Expressing Ability 表达能够 Expressing Inability 表达不能够 Advice-Suggestions 提出意见或建议 Offering… 提出意见、建议 Responding to… 对意见、建议的反应 Approval/Disapproval 表达赞同/不赞同 Asking for and Reporting Information 询问和报告信息 Besides that … 除此以外，…… In addition to that … 除此以外，…… Clarification 请求阐明 Giving Clarification 进一步阐明 Complaining 抱怨 Complimenting 表达赞美 Congratulating 祝贺 Correcting 纠正 Describing 描述 Directions-Location 方位 Disappointment 表达失望 Instructing 提供指导 Intention 表达意愿 Accepting…接受邀请 Persuading-Insisting 表达说服和坚持 Expressing Possibility/Probability 阐明可能性 Promising 表达应允 Offering a Promise 作出许诺 Reacting to Information 对获得信息的反应 Reminding… 提醒 Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction 表达满意/不满意 Expressing Satisfaction/ Dissatisfaction 表达满意/不满意 第五卷 第一章 ?????? 四六级写作的要求 四级作文和六级作文的要求基本是相同的。 1． 篇幅：120-150字 达不到字数要求的，要酌情扣1-5分； 90-99 扣1分，80-90扣2分，70-79扣3分，60-69扣5分； 2． 布局：三段式 只写一段为0-4分，只写两段0-9分； 3． 评分标准： 2分--- 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误， 但多数为严重错误； 5分- 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错 误； 8分- 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不过清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错 误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误； 11分- 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误； 14分- 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错 误，仅有个别小错误。 例如： 1） 有人认为机会是极少的 2） 有人认为机会人人都有 3） 我的看法 第五卷 第二章 ???日?? I．对立法 文章开头首先引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那个看法。对立法的句型多用于 有争议性的主题。 1 When asked about... the vast / overwhelming majority of most / many / quite a few people say think believe answer 1 that.... But other people regard / view / see / think of.. . as.... I think /view quite / a bit differently. 1.1 When asked about the biggest problem today many people say that it is the serious energy crisis. They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food. But other people hold optimistic views: they regard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances in economy and technology. 当问起世界上现在最大的问题是什么，许多人说是严重的能源危机。他们担心人类不久会用完石油、发生食品短缺！但有些人则 持乐观的看法。他们把能源危机看成是经济发展的自然结果，而且只有随着经济和技术的进一步发展才能得以解决。 1.2 When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation mist college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them lot of money and a conformable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials. 当问起毕业后干什么，大多数大学生说，他们会找一个能给他们带来许多钱和舒适生活的工作。在一家大银行或大的公司里工作 是他们所向往的。但是我的想法大不相同。我要选择一个能够发挥我的才能的职业。 2 When It comes to... some people think believe that.... Others argue claim that the 2 opposite reverse is true. There Is probably some truth in both arguments statements but.... 2.1 When it canes to international sport such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup soccer game some people believe that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead in misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably a little bit of truth in both arguments but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. 当说到国际体育比赛，诸如奥林匹克运动会和世界杯足球赛，有些人认为它能增进国与国之间的友善。如果许多国家在一起比赛交流， 他们就会知道怎么一起生活。但另一些人则持相反的观点。他们认为国际体育竞赛只会造成虚假的民族自豪感，导致相互间的误解和仇恨. 这两种观点可能都有点道理，但是从最近几年的奥林匹克运动会来看，很少能证明体育运动可以增进国与国之间的友好感情。 2.2 In the last decades advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. Yet when it comes to the desirability of extending the life of the terminally ill some people including some doctors say that the quality of life is as important as life itself and that people should in be forced to go on living when the conditions of life have become unbearable. They argue that people should be allowed to die with dignity and decide when they want to die. However those who are in favor of life-extending measures argue that life under any circumstances is better than death and that the duty of doctors is always to extend life as long as possible. There is probably some truth on both sides but recently the public clamor for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia seem increasingly strong. 在最近几十年，医学技术的进步使得人类有可能比过去活得长了。但是当论及延长一个无可挽救、濒临死亡的人的生命是否必要时， 有些人，包括有些医生认为生命的质量和生命本身同样重要；当病情已变得不堪忍受了，就不应迫使这些人再活下去。他们坚持说应允 许一个人尊严地死去，允许他们决定什么时候死。但是赞成采取延长生命的方法的人认为在任何情况下生总比死好；一个医生的责任就 是尽可能延长一个人的生命。或许双方都有点道理，但是最近公众要求对自愿安乐死合法化的呼声似乎越来越高。 3 There is a public general much debate discussion controversy today nowadays on about over as to the problem issue of.... Those who criticize oppose object to 3 ... contend argue ... that.... They believe that .... But people who advocate favor ... on the other hand maintain assert that.... 3.1 There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more economic growth on the other hand argue that even at the present growth rate there are still many poor people They maintain that only continued growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life and provide the financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization. 现在围绕快速的经济发展是否应该正展开一场热烈的讨论。那些持反对意见者认为我们必须放慢发展速度。他们说发展已接近某种极限！ 这其中包括有限的自然资源供应和工业对环境造成的消极影响。然而要求更快发展的人则认为，即使按目前的发展速度还是有许多穷人。 他们认为经济的持续快速发展才能创造提高生活质量所必需的资本，才能提供用来保护环境不受工业化破坏的资金。 3.2 There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college students'' doing a part-time job. Those who object to it argue that students should not spend their precious time in this way. But people who advocate it on the other hand claim that by taking a major-related part-time job or summer job students can not only improve their academic studies but gain much experience experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks. 关于大学生打工这一现象，校园里正展开一场讨论。反对大学生打工的人指出大学生不应该把宝贵的时间花在这上面。然而赞成者则认为， 通过从事一些与专业有关的工作，可以提高学生的学习，还可获得到书本上得不到的许多经验。 4 Now It is commonly generally widely believed thought held accepted felt recognized acknowledged that.... They 4 claim believe argue that .... But I wonder doubt whether ... 4.1 It is commonly believed that the rise in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of economic development. They argue that if there are no cigarette advertisement on TV no cigarettes available everywhere and no adequate pocket money teenagers are unlikely to take up the habit of smoking. But I doubt that it is a satisfactory explanation. While conceding the effect of advertising and other commercial factors I think that the primary cause is social and individual rather than economic. 人们普遍认为青少年吸烟人数上升是经济发展不可避免的结果。他们认为：如果电视上没有香烟广告，香烟不是到处可买得到，孩子的 零用钱不是很多的话，青少年不太可能染上吸烟的习惯。但我怀疑这是否是一个满意的解释。虽然有广告和其它商业因素的影响，我认为 主要原因是社会和个人因素而不是经济上的。 4.2 It is widely felt that there is a fear plainly uppermost in the minds of most people today. They are afraid of the future and if you ask them why they conveniently blame the atomic bomb. But I suspect that the nuclear weapon is only the scapegoat for our fears. We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb. We are afraid of bombs because we have no faith in the future. I believe people no longer have faith in our ability to control our own future. 人们普遍感到现在大多数人明显地有一种恐惧感。他们怕将来。如果问他们为什么怕，他们会很随意地怪原子弹。但我怀疑，核武器不过 是我们害怕的替罪羊。我们怕将来不是因为有了原子弹，说我们怕原子禅，实际上是对未来没有信心。我认为人们对自己是否有能力控制 将来已丧失信心了。 5 To the general public To most people In the popular mind In most people''s opinion .... But despite in spite of for all .... I believe.... one should ... 5.1 In the popular mind it is immediately assumed that when morals are discussed it is sexual morals that are meant. The morals of salesmen doctors and taxi drivers are only moderately interesting to the general public while the relations between men and women are frequent themes in novels and movies themes which no amount of repetition makes stale. Yet in spite of this immense preoccupation with sex much attention should be drawn to the general moral standards. 当讨论起道德问题时，大多数人会立即认为是指性道德。一方面售货员、医生和出租车司机的职业道德不大为公众所关心， 而另一方面男女间的关系却是小说和电影中经常出现的主题，再怎么不断重复也不会失去其新鲜感。因此尽管人们对性的题目 津津乐道，我认为应注意整个道德水平。 5.2 To most Chinese parents college is a place their children should go. And their children for the most part are also anxious to go. It is in Chinese tradition that there is something about a college that transfers an ordinary child into a superior adult. But in spite of this belief men and women who have been to college suspect that this is not the case. 大多数中国父母看来，大学是他们的子女应该去的地方。而他们的孩子在大多数情况下也渴望上大学。中国的传统观点是大 学能把一个普普通通的孩子培养成一个超人一等的人。但是尽管人们有这个观点，凡是读过大学的人却认为情况并非如此。 6 Now a lot of the majority of many / most people believe think feel that.... 6 But although Admittedly ... there is no / little evidence that it is questioned /doubted ... 6.1 A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few years ago the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have spent a great deal of time studying this problem there is not much evidence that television brings about juvenile delinquency. 许多人都认为电视会给孩子带来危害。前几年，对电影也有类似的指责。然而尽管青少年心理学者花了许多时间来研究 这个问题，却很少有证据表明电视造成了青少年犯罪。 6.2 Most people believe that our society of consumption creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Although this view is widely held there is little evidence that Money brings about happiness. Instead we find our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety helplessness and eventually to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify consumption with joy and fun with happiness. 许多人认为，我们这个消费社会给绝大多数人带来了最大的幸福。尽管人们普遍这样认为，却很少有证据表明钱能给 人带来幸福。相反，我们发现，现在的全活方式使人越来越感到焦虑不安，孤立无援，最终导致我们文化的崩溃。我不 认为消费就是快乐，玩乐就是幸福。 6.3 There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by print. Admittedly television serves some of these functions extremely well; the visual communication of news events for example has enormous impact. The ability of radio to give us information while we are engaged in doing other things ------ for instance driving a car ------ is remarkable and a great saving of time. But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communications media has much enhanced our intellectual skills. 现在有些人觉得，阅读没有像过去那样有必要了。无线电广播，尤其电视已代替了曾经由印刷所起的许多作用。确实， 电视极好地发挥了其中的一些功能，如新闻通过图像来传送有很大的影响。无线电广播能使我们边干事，如开车，边收听消息， 真是了不起，且可节约许多时间。但是人们或许会认真发问，这些现代传播媒体的出现是否已提高了我们的知识技能。 7 .... In reaction response answer to the event phenomenon idea question some people say think .... But do they realize...? 7.1 Now most people get their news and information about the things that are happening at home and abroad from television. They believe the things they hear and see on television. Probably most of the information is true and we can believe it. But shall we always believe the information which television gives us? Do we never suspect that the given information might be slanted distorted or the truth totally denied? 现在大多数人都是从电视上知道国内外发生的事和新闻的。他们都相信在电视上看到和听到的事。大多数消息可能是真的， 我们能相信。但是我们是否总是要相信电视给我们的消息呢？难道我们从不怀疑所给的消息可能有偏见，或已歪曲了，或真 相已被彻底隐瞒了？ 7.2 In the past few years big business has fallen to a low level in public esteem. A recent Gallup poll shows that big business came in last in terms of the quality of the products among all the enterprises which sell household appliances in Shanghai; at the top of the list were small business or business from small towns. in response to the poll many businessmen argue that this public attitude is due to the inadequacy of their advertising and can be cured by stepping up their advertising campaigns. They are only fooling themselves. Do they realize that the real problem for their loss of public respect is what they have been doing not what they have been saying about themselves? 在过去几年里，大企业在公众中的信誉已下降到一个低水平。最近的盖洛普民意测验表明，就产品质量来说在上海 出售家用电器的所有企业中，大企业位居榜末，而小企业或乡镇企业名列前茅。对此许多大企业人士认为公众的这种 态度是由于广告宣传不够造成的，只要加大广告宣传声势，就会扭转局面。这是在自欺欺人。难道他们没有认识到失 去公众信誉的真正问题在于他们所做的，而不是所说的？ 8 ... is a popular widespread common method way of... but is it a fair wise reasonable one? 8 The Its method / way valuess / wisdom s now being questioned challenged by more and more people. 8.1 Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of punishment but is it a wise one? It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find fewer opportunities to hurt innocent people and where they might discover that crime doesn''t pay. The system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society protected. Yet the valuess of this form of justice is now being questioned by more and more people. 把罪犯丢进监狱是个古老又被广泛采用的惩罚方法。但这个方法是否明智？把做坏事的人关在一个地方，使他们没有 机会再损害无辜的人，使他们感到犯罪划不来，似乎确实有道理。这种制度一直被那些希望罪恶得到惩罚，社会得到保 护的人视为公平而有效。但是这种司法形式的合理性现在正受到越来越多的人的质疑。 8.2 Required class attendance like an old custom is so common in in Chinese colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it is a good thing. But is it a wise method? It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. But is there any proven co-relation between attendance and performance in a course? The valuess of required attendance is now being questioned by more and more teachers and students. 上课点名制，如同一种古老习俗，在中国的大学里非常普遍，许多教师甚至学生自己都认为这种做法是对的。 但这种方法是否明智？上课点名确实有助于学生出勤率的上升，但是到教室上课和这个学生在这门课上的学习表现， 两者之间是否已证实有联系？上课点名制度的合理性已受到越来越多的教师和学生的怀疑。 9 These days we often hear about.... They claim argue say that.... But has is it? 9 Close examination analysis scrutiny doesn''t bear out the claim. argument. 9.1 These days we often hear about "the classless society". They say that all men are equal and they can enjoy the same educational and job opportunities and the distinction between rich and poor has lost. But has it? Close examination doesn''t bear out the claim. 近来我们一直听到关于“无阶级社会”的说法。他们称人人平等他们都享受同等的教育机会和工作机会；穷人和富 人的界限已经消失。果真如此吗？略细分析一下，就证明这种观点站不住脚。 9.2 These days I have heard many exasperated students and working adults alike express a strong desire to take an English course and a computer course. They believe that such knowledge will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities. But will it? The information I''ve collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think. 这些日子我听到不少因学习或工作而感到痛苦的学生和工人表示要上英语课或电脑课的强烈愿望。他们认为这些知识会 增加他们找工作、晋级的机会。是这样吗？从我最近几年得到的材料来看，我认为这些知识并不像大多数人认为的那么有用。 10 We are often shown told these days that.... But is this really the case? 10.1 We are often told that technological know-how acquired in exploring space will be utilized to make life better on earth. Is this really the case? What has the space exploration done to relieve the suffering of the earth''s starving millions? In what way has it raised the standard of living of anyone of us? Man may put human beings on the moon but there is growing skepticism about his ability to solve human problems closer to home. 我们经常听说在探索空间中获得的技术知识将用来改善我们地球上的人的生活。情况真的如此吗？太空探索对减轻 地球上正在挨饿的千百万人的痛苦到底做了什么呢？它从什么方面提高了我们的生活水平呢？人类能够把人自己送上月球， 但人们越来越怀疑其解决地球上人自己问题的能力。 第五卷 第三章 ?????? II．现象法 对某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章往往在文章一开始首先引出这种现象或问题，然后评论。本节句型 就适用于这种开头。 11 Recently the rise in phenomenon of problem of question of ... has 11 drawn / aroused public / popular / grave / world-wide attention caused /aroused wide / general / considerable / international concern arisen /loomed up /cropped up as controversial /as noteworthy/more distinctly for settlement 11.1 Recently the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life who would wish to have scientists tampering with man''s inner nature? Indeed fear of such manipulation may amuse even more anxiety than fear of death. 最近，有关把遗传技术用于人类自身而产生的问题的警示已引起了公众的广泛关注。这是可以理解的。核能开发正威胁 着全球的生存，其它许多技术进步也正明显地危害生活的质量。在这种情况下，谁还会希望科学家来任意改变人体内部机 能呢？确实，害怕对人的操纵所引起的担忧可能会超过对死亡的害怕。 11.2 Recently psychologists have found only about two percent of adults use their creativity compared with ten percent of seven-year-old children. When five-year-olds were tested the result soared to ninety percent! The findings set off many people thinking. Curiosity and originality are daily occurrences for the small child but somehow most of us lose the freedom and flexibility of the child as we grow older. The need to follow "directions" and "do-it-right" plus the many societal constraints we put on ourselves prevent us from using our creative potential. 最近，心理学家发现在使用自己创造力方面，成人只有2％，而7岁的儿童竟有10％。如果在5岁的儿童中测试，这个 数上升到90％。这些发现引起许多人思索。好奇心和创造性每天可在小孩子身上发现，而当我们逐步长大成人，多数 人丧失了孩子的那种自由和灵活性。“按常规去做”，“按正确的去做”，以及种种社会的清规戒律把我们束缚住了， 使我们无法发挥自己的创造潜力。 12 Recently the issue problem question of... has been in the limelight. brought into focus. brought to public attention. posed among the general public. 12.1 The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China where the world''s largest population faces pollution deforestation and acid rain on a large scale. 现在发展与环境的问题已成为人们议论的中心。在中国这对矛盾表现得尤为明显。这个世界上人口最多的国家正面 临着大量的环境污染、森林减少以及酸雨的袭击。 13 In recent the past 5 years many cities nations people have been faced /plagued /troubled with experienced/witnessed /undergone the a(n) serious problem of acute shortage of alarming increase in 13.1 In recent years many factories of our country have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Seeing many idle workers smoking chatting or playing cards during the working hours some experts claim that the solution is to increase economic reward. Other people feel that "the iron rice bowl" should be roughly smashed. But does mere money lead to greater productivity? 近年来我国许多工厂一直面临着如何提高工人的生产效率的问题。针对许多工人上班的无所事事，抽烟，聊天或打 牌的现象，有些专家主张通过增加经济报酬来解决。另一些人认为应彻底打破铁饭碗。但是增加钱是否就能提高生产率呢？ 13.2 In recent years China has experienced an alarming increase in juvenile crime ------ that is crime committed by individuals who haven''t come of age. Whether the category is murder or robbery mugging or rape the story is the same: juvenile crime is on the rise. Our society has traditionally treated the juvenile as a special kind of offender one who warrants punishment different from that given to an adult even though the crime may be the same. Now it is time we asked ourselves: Does the treatment work? 最近几年，中国的青少年犯罪率急剧上升。不管那些没成年人的犯罪涉及到谋杀、偷盗、抢劫或是强奸，情形是一样的： 青少年犯 罪在增加。我们社会的传统做法是把这些青少年当成一种特殊的罪犯处理，尽管他们的罪行和成年人一样，但所给的惩罚和 成年人不同。现在该是问一问我们自己的时候了：这种做法是否有效？ 14 One of the searching burning pressing interesting questions problems facing confronting our nation society world today is ... 14.1 One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decisions our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come it is urgently necessary to explore this question especially by examining science and technology in their relationship to the development of humanity. 当今社会面临的基本问题之一是：新技术会给世界的将来带来什么样的希望或威胁？由于我们的社会所作出的关于技术发展的 决定会毫无疑问对未来产生巨大影响，因此探索这个问题，尤其是通过检查科学技术与人类发展的关系来这样做就变得非常紧迫 和必要了。 14.2 It has become apparent to us that one of the biggest problems confronting our Chinese education today is the increasing vocationalization of our colleges and universities. Throughout the country schools are under economic pressure to become job-training centers and employment agencies. All courses are geared to cater to the business needs. 很明显中国的教育现在面临的最大问题之一是高等院校职业化倾向。在经济发展的压力下，全国许多大学成了职业培训中心或就 业市场机构。课程的设置都一昧迎合市场的需要。 15 One of the biggest issues hottest topics most popular things most serious problems many people talk complain about now is... 15.1 One of the most popular topics many city residents talk about now is the tide of the rural poor flooding the cities. They complain that the migrants have brought crime and prostitution that they are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs and exacerbating housing shortages; and that they have worsened traffic and sanitation problems. True these are the problems posed by the migration but what about the contribution the rural worker have made to the city''s development and prosperity? 许多市民现在谈得最多的话题之一是源源不断涌进城市的民工潮。他们抱怨民工把犯罪和卖淫带来了，给城市人口的 控制和社会秩序带来了压力，并威胁着夺走本来已很紧张的城市工作机会，使得城市住房、交通、卫生等问题更为突出。 是的，这些都是民工潮带来的问题，但怎么看待他们对城市的发展和繁荣所作出的贡献呢？ 15.2 One of the best qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to admit one''s mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like "I was wrong about that" and it is even harder to say I was wrong and you were right about that . 大多数人所佩服的别人的最好的品质之一，是敢于承认自己的错误。有时人们发觉很难开口说这样简单的话： “在这一点上是 我错了。”而说：“我错了，你是对的。”则更难。 16 Now Perhaps most dangerous undesirable harmful for our nation society world college is the trend tendency phenomenon of...which is apparent obvious evident pervasive rampant under way in... 16.1 Perhaps most dangerous for our nation now is the official corruption which is rampant in nearly every field of our society. Once our officials were content with television sets or imported cigarettes as payment for official services they now demand land rights stock certificates and even directly dollars. 现在对我们的国家最有危险的恐怕要算是官员的腐败。腐败之风已蔓延到我们社会的几乎每一个领域。过去办事官员还只满 足于电视机，香烟之类的东西作回报，现在他们已要求土地产权，股票证券，甚至直截了当要美元。 17 Inflation Corruption Social inequality is yet another of the new and bitter truths we have to learn to face now. constantly. 17.1 Cheating is yet another of the bitter truths we have to learn to face now. It is so prevalent and so widely accepted that it becomes a way of academic life. Even the mast gifted students the one who presumably could get good grades without cheating are becoming the constant offenders. Getting a good academic record and later a good professional career is the most important goal and they will do anything they must to attain it. 考试作弊是我们不得不接受的又一严峻的事实。作弊是那么普遍和司空见惯，已成为大学生活中的一个方面。连最有天赋的 学生，那些不靠作弊也能取得好成绩的学生也常常作弊。对他们来说，有一个学业优秀的记录和将来有一个令人羡慕的工作比什么 都重要，为达到这一目标，他们什么都会干。 18 A(n) virtual epidemic acute shortage serious campaign of... is now under way in this country. society. According to a recent new study poll survey ... 18.1 A virtual epidemic of pregnancies is under way in this nation''s teenage population. In 1993 alone 26270 babies were born to unwed teens. Predictably educators parent groups and newspaper writers have responded to this news with a clamor for more and better sex education. Indeed that is urgently necessary but is sex education alone the whole answer? 未婚少女怀孕，这一现象就像传染病一样正在该国蔓延开来。就1993年便有26270个婴儿为未婚少女所生。可以预料教育工作 者、家长团体和报纸记者对此大声疾呼要加强和完善任教育。是的，这是非常必要的，但仅仅靠性教育能解决问题吗？ 19 Here and there In city after city At offices and plants across the country land a(n) growing increasing surprising significant number of.... 19.1 At offices and plants across the country a growing number of workers are jogging along the streets playing tag-of-war and doing calisthenics on the pavements ------ all with the support and encouragement of their employers. The company-sponsored physical-fitness programs are benefiting both individuals and companies. 从机关到工厂，越来越多的职工街上跑步，在人行道上拔河，做健身操。这些活动都受到他们的领导的支持和鼓励。由工厂 公司支持资助的健身活动不仅给职工个人，而且对厂方都带来益处。 19.2 Here and there across the country are coming reports that government officials even senior officials have been punished for corruption. Some were sentenced for taking bribes others executed for embezzling funds. In Beijing alone nearly 60000 civil servants were found guilty of corruption in 1993. Official corruption has increased greatly in the past five years in only in scope but in magnitude. 从各地传来报道，许多政府官员，甚至高级干部因腐败而受到惩罚。有的因受贿而被判刑，有的因侵吞公款而被判处死刑。仅北 京在 1993年就有6万多官员因贪污、贿赂而被判罪。在过去5年里，政府官员的腐败在范围和规模上都有很大的发展。 20 With the rapid amazing marked development /improvement /expansion of increase /growth /decline in .... / 20 With the general growing common recognition / realization / acknowledge ment of commitment / devotion / dedication to interest in / concern over / enthusiasm for .... / 20 With ... playing an Increasingly big role in attaching much importance to ... more and more 20.1 With the prospect of coal and petroleum supplies being depleted and with air pollution becoming an increasing concern more and more countries are now seeking alternative sources of energy. Among them is nuclear power whose environmental advantages over coal and oil is increasingly recognized. 随着煤和石油的供应逐渐耗尽，随着人们越来越关注环境的污染，越来越多的国家正在寻找其它能源。而其中之 一就是核能。与煤和石油相比，其不污染环境的优点正逐渐被人们认识。 20.2 With a domestic market of 12 billion increasingly prosperous consumers and an economy that grows by an impressive 12--14 percent each year China is now becoming a huge magnet for more and more foreign business corporations. 随着一个有着12亿逐渐富裕起来的消费者的国内市场的形成和以每年12%到14%的速度增长的经济的出现，中国正 变成一个巨大的磁场，吸引着越来越多的外国公司。 21 Nowadays Currently Recently there is a growing / unhealthy tendency to / in / that general / deep-seated belief in / that general / uneasy feeling of / against / that growing / nation-wide recognition of / that growing / general awareness of / that deep / serious concern over / for / that deep / keen interest in growing / great demand for growing / great enthusiasm for / among sb ... 21.1 Now there is a growing concern over the heavy burden both academic and psychological our children have to bear. After a day''s study in school they bring a lot of assignments back home and work them until midnight. They play few games and go to few movies. They have been so obsessed with grades and marks that they have hardly had time to savor the life and grow as well-rounded people. 如今人们越来越关注我们的孩子所承受的沉重的学习负担和精神压力。在校学习一天后，他们带回许多作业， 常常做到深夜。他们很少玩或去看电影。他们为分数所累，几乎没有时间品尝人生，并成长为一个全面发展的人。 21.2 Nowadays there is an immense and justified pride in what our colleges and universities have done. At the same time however there is a growing uneasiness about their products. These young men and women who carry away our degrees are attractive energetic and eloquent. But what about their intellectual equipment? 现在人们对我们大学所做的一切非常自豪，这不是没有道理的。但是同时对它们的产品——大学毕业生又愈来愈 感到不安。那些得到学位的青年人个个神气十足，精神饱满，能说会道。然而他们是否有真才实学呢？ 21.3 In the past decades there has been a persistent demand in many countries for a conceited attack to deal with worldwide pollution. In many places under pressure from private citizens and leaders in science and technology environmental organizations have sprung up to voice their opinions and to try and face the problem. It is increasingly recognized that pollution doesn''t only pose a pervasive threat to the human environment but also challenge the survival of man himself. 在过去的几十年里，许多国家都坚持不懈，要求共同努力来对付全球范围的污染。在很多地方，鉴于平民百姓和 科技界头面人物的压力，保护环境的组织纷纷出现。他们一面提出各种建议，一面试图着导解决这个问题。人们越 来越认识到污染不仅威胁到人类环境，且危及人类自身的生存。 22 In recent few years the past few decades there is has been a 22 sharp/ marked / sudden / dramatic increase / growth/ rise / decline in astonishing / increasing / sizable number / percentage/ proportion / population of 22 According to a(n) recent new official study recent survey report poll ... 22.1 In recent years there is an increasing number of people especially young people who show little interest in correcting social inequalities and injustices. According to a national poll last year eighteen to twenty-nine-year-olds agreed by large percentages that young people today are "less idealistic" and "more selfish" and that they are less concerned with the problems of society than with their own personal future. 最近几年，越来越多的人，尤其是青年人，对纠正社会的不良倾向和不平等现象很少关心了。根据去年一次全国性 的民意测验，大多数18到29岁的青年人承认他们“不那么有理想”“更加自私”，他们关心个人的将来胜过关心社会问题。 22.2 In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics in 1993 about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave to birth to children compared with the 1983 level of 8 percent. 在过去5年里，结婚后希望要孩子的青年夫妇人数明显减少，同时出切一种推迟生育孩子的倾向。根据官方公布的数据， 1993年有28％的已婚夫妇妻子在三十五岁以下而尚未生育，而在1983年，只有8％。 23 Any visitor to this city country ... would almost inevitably deduce / draw his conclusion be surprised / struck / impressed by the fact.... 23.1 Any visitor to this city would be almost surprised by the severe shortages and shortcomings in the elementary municipal services despite its economic growth. Schools are old hospitals are few and understaffed. Transportation is overcrowded and streets are narrow and filthy. Parks and playgrounds are insufficient. 任何一个到过这个城市的人都会因这个城市的最基本设施的严重不足和不良而感到震惊。尽管这个城市的经济发展很快， 学校却很陈旧；医院少且医务人员不足；交通拥挤，道路狭窄而肮脏；公园及游乐场所也少得可怜。 24 Whenever you see find ... you cannot help being struck surprised astonished disappointed impressed by ... at ... 24.1 Whenever we visit a terminally ill patient we cannot help being struck by his eagerness to know the truth about his condition. He does not only suffer from his illness but also from the anxiety about its potential outcome. Although telling him the truth may risk destroying his hope so that he may deteriorate faster perhaps even commit suicide a dying person has the right to know his condition and to make informed choice concerning his own health. 每当我们去探视一名患有不治之症的病人时，我们不禁为他那种急切想知道自己的真实病情的表情所震动。他不仅被疾病 所折磨，也被为自己的病情可能发展的结果而焦虑所折磨。虽然若将真实病情告知他可能会使之失去希望从而加速病情恶化， 甚至他 可能自寻短见，但一个濒临死亡的病人有权知道自己的病情，有权对自己的健康状况作出明智的判断。 24.2 Whenever we read suggestions of some recent scientific and econimic research that the curves for food demand and food supply will cross in a maximum of 60 years and that by then man''s overpopulation increasing pollution and the diminishing food supply could threaten to end human life on our planet we could not help wondering what steps man could take to ensure his survival and avoid such extinction. 近来一些科学和经济的研究表明，粮食供求平衡至多能保持用年。到那时、人口过剩、污染加剧以及粮食供应减少将会威胁 人类在地球上的生存。每当我们读到这些情况，我们不禁在想：人类应当采取什么措施来确保自己的生存，避免灭绝呢？ 第五卷 第四章 ???日?财 III. 观点法 文章开门见山，直截了当提出作者对文章要讨论的问题的观点，也即文章的中心思想。以下就是常用的句型。 25 Nothing / Few things No idea / opinion belief / view / attitude is are more / as foolish dangerous untrue undesirable basic important essential 25 than as ... (which is widely commonly generally held by...). 25.1 Nothing we have been told these years is more educative than participating in or listening to an exchange of opinion. The seminar the conference the lecture the panel discussion on the radio ------ how fine how liberating how instructive they are to us all to the participants and to those at their receiving sets. They can not only acquaint one with many facts but help deepen one''s understanding of social phenomena and relationships and broaden one''s outlook. 这些年来我们都感到没有什么比参加一个讨论或听听别人的思想交流更有教育意义的了。大型讨论会，大型会议讲座以及 电台直播室的讨论对我们所有人，对参加者或是听众都是那么美妙，那么有意义，有启迪作用。这些讨论不仅使我们了解了 许多事实，而且有助于加深对各种社会现象和关系的理解，开阔眼界。 25.2 Few things seem to stir up more fear among today''s young people than the prospect of a military draft. Feelings of patriotism are articulated much more freely now but there seems little enthusiasm for military conscription and no one wants to spend several years in the armed forces engaged in activities which have nothing to do with their future work. 似乎没有什么比要服兵役更使青年人担心了。现在到处洋溢着爱国主义的情感，但对服兵役却没什么热情，没有人想在 部队里待几年，去从事与他未来的工作没什么关系的活动。 25.3 Perhaps no issue in this world is as basic to individual and national survival as food. But China in recent years has experienced a serious waste of food in one way or another. Especially in many big cities this waste has become habitual and traditional to the extent that people are seldom aware of it in their daily life. 可能在这个世界上没有什么问题比粮食对一个人乃至整个国家的生存更为重要的了。但在中国，近年来各种各样严重 浪费粮食的现象比比皆是。尤其在许多大城市里，这种浪费已成为习惯性和传统性了，以致人们在日常生活中已习以为常了。 26 Never Nowhere in history the world China has the issue change idea of .... been more as visible evident popular than ... as ... 26.1 Nowhere in the world has the issue of birth control been more evident than in China. The nation is faced with such serious situation as the one in which its population is increasing much faster than the supply of food and available resources. 世界上没有一个地方比中国的计划生育问题更突出的了。这个国家正面临着十分严峻的形势，其人口增长的速度正大大 超过粮食供应的速度和自然资源供应的速度。 26.2 Nowhere has the great principle of equality been so thoroughly put in practice as in China and nowhere have such persistent efforts been made to improve the legal status of women. In spite of this however women in many places are still denied the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms and the right to equal opportunities for promotion. 世界上没有一个地方比中国把平等这个伟大的原则更彻底地贯彻到实践中去，没有像中国作出如此坚持不懈的努力来提高妇 女的法律地位。尽管如此，在许多地方中国的妇女还是没有权利和男子在同等条件下竞争工作，没有平等的机会得到晋升。 26.3 Never in the nation''s history have the stakes involving our education been higher than rim. From energy crises to air pollution and from the improvement of the standard of living to space exploration the approaching world of the 21st century bristles with challenges whose resolution for better or worse will depend largely on the quality of education. 在这个国家的历史上教育从来没有像现在这样对我们如此利害攸关。从能源危机到环境污染，从生活水平的提高到空间探索， 即将到来的21世纪充满了种种挑战。要战胜那些挑战，不论怎么样，在很大程度上取决于教育的质量。 27 It is about high time we exploded shattered freed ourselves from the myth illusion fiction about ... 27.1 It''s about time somebody exploded that old myth about childhood being the happiest of your life. Childhood may certainly be fairly happy free from financial worries and the anxiety about social ladders. But have you heard our children today groaning under the ever-increasing burden of studies? Have you seen them stay up almost every night simply to finish a day''s homework? 现在应该是揭穿长期来认为童年是人的一生中最幸福的时代这个古老神话的时候了。童年固然很幸福，孩子们没有经济上的忧愁， 也没有争名夺利的焦虑。但是人们是否听到现在的孩子在日益沉重的学习负担下发出的呻吟声？人们是否看到孩子们为了完成一天 的功课，几乎天天熬夜？ 28 Perhaps Maybe we should it is time to rethink reexamine have a fresh look at the idea valuess attitude wisdom desirability that ... 28.1 Perhaps we should rethink an idea fast becoming an undisputed premise of our life that a college degree is necessary ------ and perhaps even a sufficient ------ precondition for success. I do not wish to quarrel with the assumptions made about the benefits of orthodox education. I want only to expose its false god; the four-year all-purpose degree-granting college aimed at the so-called college-age population and by now almost universally accepted as the stepping-stone to "meaningful" and "better" jobs. 可能我们应当重新考虑一下这个很快成为我们生活毋庸置疑的前提：对成功来说，大学文凭是必要的， 或许是先决的条件。我不想反对正统的大学教育带来种种好处的观点。我只想揭示把大学文凭捧上天的虚假性： 对象是所谓读大学的适龄青年，目的是培养各种人材的颁发学位的四年制大学现已差不多被公认为是找到 有意义的”、“好的”工作的跳板。 28.2 Maybe it is time to reexamine our present valuesss of life and try to figure out why life today becomes so difficult and what can be done about it. Not only are things often not what they seem they may be just the opposite of what they seen. People are discontented these days for example not because things are worse than ever but because things are better than ever. Everything is paradoxical. 也许现在该是重新检查一下我们现在生活流行的价值观，弄清楚今天的生活为何变得如此艰难，以及该用什 么办法加以解决的时候了。现在的事情常常不仅不是它们看上去的那样，事情可能正好与看上去的相反。譬如说， 如今人们的不满往往不是因为情况比以往任何时候都糟，而是因为情况从未这么好过。一切事情都变得似是而非了。 29 Now people in growing increasing significant numbers are beginning coming to realize recognize understand accept be aware that.... 29.1 Now people in growing numbers are coming to recognize that the business spirit which carries in its torrential course so many of the talents and energies of men into money-making has shaped our culture and influenced our ideals and aspirations as a people. 现在越来越多的人开始认识到这股下海从商的浪潮把许多人卷进去，使他们把自己的才干和精力都耗在赚钱上。 这个重商的风气改变了我们的文化，影响了作为一个民族的我们的理想和抱负。 29.2 In recent years an increasing number of people are getting to realize that much of the technology being developed today neither respects the earth''s delicate ecosystem nor is adequately controlled by social institutions. As the social costs of the technological development (e. g environmental pollution unemployment) become so obvious it is time that our society should make efforts to reassess the direction of our development in the view of radically different and increasingly complex socioeconomic circumstances. 近年来日渐增多的人开始意识到当今正在开发中的许多技术 既没有考虑到地球上微妙的生态系统，也没有受到社会机构 的有 效控制。由于开发技术所付出的社会代价（如环境污染和失业现 象）十分明显，该是到了我们的社会作出努力， 从完全不同的，越来 越复杂的社会经济环境来重新评估技术发展的方向的时候了。 30 Now there is a growing awareness / recognition on the part of people people become increasingly aware / conscious of the need necessity importance to of ... 30.1 In recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the necessary to improve our criminal justice system. A young thief who spends time in jail often receives there a thorough education in crime from his fellow prisoners or perhaps tough criminals who drag him into more serious offenses and more prison terms a vicious cycle that will do greater harm to the society. 近几年来人们越来越意识到改进我们刑法制度的必要性。一 个初犯的小偷被关在监狱里，往往会从其他囚犯，甚至犯罪老手那 里学到一整套作案的手法，结果他们把他拉人更深的犯罪深渊，以 至判更长的徒刑，如此恶性循环将对社会造成更大的危害。 30.2 Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them the knowledge of a foreign language say English often means a good opportunity for one''s career even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language. 现在许多人日益意识到掌握一门外语的重要性，对他们来说，外语知识，如英语往往意味着给他的职业带来好的机会，甚至给他 带来光辉灿烂的前途。许多人把人生的成功与能讲外语相提并论。 31 we might marvel at In spite of / Despite the great giant extraordinary tremendous progress stride advance made in 31 science and technology nearly every field (but) ... remain basically unchanged. the same as it was. as ... as ever they were. 31.1 We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study but the methods of testing a person''s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It is extraordinary that after all these years educationists have still failed to devise anything mere efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know it is common knowledge that they mere often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory but they can tell you nothing about a person''s true ability and aptitude. 对各个学科所取得的进步我们或许会感到吃惊，但是测试人们知识和能力的方法仍 像过去一样原始。经过这么多年，教育家们仍未能设计出比考试更可靠，更行之有 效的方法，这真使人为之惊讶。尽管教育家们虔诚地宣称，考试能测验你懂得多少知识。 但众所周知，它们通常是适得其反。用来测试记 忆力，考试也许是种好方法，但它不能测出一个人的真正能力。 31.2 This is a skeptical age but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers deeply believed has weakened our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs. This modern faith in medicine is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of this country is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise. 这是一个怀疑一切的时代。但是尽管我们已不大相信我们的祖先们所深信不疑的许多事物， 我们对装在瓶中的药物却仍与我们的祖先一样确信无疑。现代人对药物的迷信可由这一事实 得到证实：即这个国家每年的药费已到了天文数字，且目前尚无停止增长之迹象。 31.3 Although great strides have been made in achieving social status and greater equality for women in the past decades their role in the family remains basically uncharged. The double burden of work inside and outside the home they are carrying renders them impossible to make full use of their talents and difficult to rise to positions of leadership. 虽然在过去几十年里妇女在争取社会地位和更多的平等方面取得了很大的进步， 但是她们在家里的角色仍没有得到多大的变化。她们在家里和外面都要干， 这双重工作负担使她们不能充分发挥自己的才能，因之很难升到领导岗位。 31.4 We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most evasive attitudes about death despite the great distance we have cane in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. 尽管我们对生物某些方面的奥秘已有很多了解，但我们还是和祖先一样， 对死是讳莫如深的。我们对自己的死不仅不敢想，而且不敢去谈论。这是一 个不适宜的话题，就像过去在男女一起时谈论性病和流产一样不易启口。 第五卷 第五章 ?????? IV．引用法 文章开头通过引用名人名言，箴言谚语，或有代表性的看法见解来引出 文章要展开讨论的一种观点。下面便是一些常见句型。 32 One of the great early men writers philosophers scientists said wrote remarked that.... If this is true the case 32 then the present current view valuess attitude situation should make us wonder whether ponder over 32.1 One of the great early socialists said that the status of women in a society is a pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that society. If it is true then the present low status of women in management should make us ponder about whether our management is civilized at all. 以前有一位著名的社会学家曾说过，妇女在一个社会中的地位是这个社会 文明程度的一个非常可靠的标志。如果是这样的话，那么目前妇女在管理方 面较低的地位应使我们想一想，我们现在的管理是否文明。 32.2 One of the great early writers once said that human character is formed by society. If this is the case aren''t the current pervasive corruption the popular obsession with money-making and general indifference to human sufferings and social injustices a perfect manifestation of a bad social environment? 曾有一位伟大的作家说过：人的性格是由社会塑成的。倘若真是如此， 那难道当今的腐败风气，一心扑到钱眼里而对人的疾苦和社会不正之风麻 木不仁等现象，不正是社会环境不良的真实写照吗？ 32.3 A gifted American psychologist has said: "Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go." In other words it is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. if it is true the cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is a policy of first importance to a modern man who easily gets anxious and depressed. 一位极富天资的美国心理学家说过：“忧虑是感情的一阵发作。心中老是想着某一事， 死死放不开。”也就是说，在这种情况下，与之抗争是无用的。意志越强，愈是徒劳无效。 你只能耐心地用暗示的方法使其他事进入这固执的头脑中去。如果这样分析是对的， 那么对于一个极易焦虑沮丧的现代人来说，培养业余爱好和新的兴趣是头等重要的明智之举。 33 "Knowledge is power" Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom Familiar notions are often those least examined Mutual ignorance breeds mutual distrust Genius is 2 percent inspiration and 98 Percent perspiration Such is the opinion of remark made by 33 Bacon. Edison. one of the great men. This view remark has been shared confirmed now time and again by more and more people. many historical events. 33.1 "Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity but to make them." Colton a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person in whose lifetime opportunities are not many to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 伟大的作家科尔顿曾经说过：“一个伟大的人物不仅必须随时抓住机会，而且必须随时创造机会。” 他的这个精辟的论断至今仍有深远的意义。一个人一生中机会并不很多，因此，创造机会对他的成功 来说便尤为重要。 33.2 Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of Mortimer J. Adler a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. No college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate; and no one should be content to simply end his education with high school education or college education. Education is a lifetime study. 教育不能随着毕业而告结束。这是美国大哲学家摩提默叫·阿德勒的观点。这个观点已为 越来越多的人所接受。没有一所大学能 在学生毕业时把所有知识都教授给他们了，没有人应该满足于他自己的高中教育或大学教育。 教育是一种终生的学习。 34 "...." That''s how one college student official housewife father described commented complained criticized ... 34 He / She is hardly alone in the experience Many people have shared the experience like this 34.1 "All I have learnt in college is junk. " That''s how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away can''t help them to secure a rewarding job and the knowledge they acquired in class can''t be transformed into useful job skills. “我在大学器学的都是废物。”这是一位大学毕业生在说起自己在寻找工作中不断受挫时所发 的怨言。他的经历不只是个别的，有无数大学毕业生抱怨他们拿到的学位在找一份适宜的工作时 起不了什么作用，学校里学到的知识不能转变为有用的工作技能。 34.2 "It''s like being bitten to death by ducks." That''s how one mother described her constant squabbles with her fourteen-year-old daughter. And she is hardly alone in the experience. According to a poll the relations between parents and teenagers are frequently marked by squabbling naming and arguing despite considerable love between them. What causes this verbal behavior and which party is at fault: the adolescent or the adult? “就像一只鸭子似的把我吵死了！”这是一位母亲在形容她和自己14岁的女儿时常争吵时 说的话。这种情况不止她遇到。根据一项民意调查，尽管父母亲和他们的未成年的孩子都互 相非常爱对方，但在日常生活中他们却经常吵嘴，责骂不休。怎么会造成这些相互间的争执？ 谁对，谁错，是大人抑或未成年的孩子？ 35 "...." The same idea complaint attitude is voiced echoed shared by.... 35.1 "Spendable money is better off spent. The cast of living is going up so fast it is better to spend money now on things we would normally put off buying. "That''s how my neighbor a steel worker complained of soaring inflation. His view is now echoed by more and more working people who buy more things that they don''t really need than put money into savings accounts that pay interests far below the pace of inflation. “能用的钱最好还是用光。现在生活费上涨很快，与其是推迟买的，不如现在就买下来。” 这是我的一个在钢铁厂工作的邻居在抱怨物价飞涨时说的。他的观点已得到越来越多的工人的赞同 。人们争相买东西，甚至买些并不十分需要的东西，而并不把钱存入银行。这是因为存银行所得的 利息远远不及通货膨胀的速度。 35.2 "Lei Feng died already said by sane people whenever they deplored the fact that nowadays no one in the street will come to a person''s assistance when he is in trouble or in danger. The same view is voiced by many people who complain about the decline in the moral standards in recent years and hope the spirit of Lei Feng (1939---1962) a model soldier who devoted his short life to the public good will stay with us. “雷锋早已死了。”每当有些人看到现在一个人在街上遇险或碰到困难而无人相助时， 不禁发出的如此感叹。许多人都持这种观点，他们抱怨近几年道德水平日趋下降，他们希望雷锋 （1939－1962）——这个把自己短暂的一生都用来为人民服务的模范战士的精神还活在人们中间。 36 ...." How often we hear We are used to hearing Many people have heard (such) statement words complaint like as this those. 36.1 "Social attitude toward women has changed a lot." How often these days we hear the statement like this. Twenty or thirty years ago it was believed that a women must either many young or risk becoming a spinster. And a woman who did not marry was thought to be inferior and abnormal. However today''s woman has numerous options open to her besides early marriage. Most important a single woamn is no longer looked down upon by society. “社会对妇女的态度有了很大的变化。”最近我们常常听到这样的说法。二三十年前， 人们普遍认为一个女人要么早早结婚，要么很可能成为一个老处女。而一个不结婚的女 人会被视为不正常或低人一等。然而今天的妇女除了趁年轻结婚外还有许多出路。 最重要的是一个单身女子再也不会受社会歧视。 36.2 In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complaints as this "I''ve got too much work to do and not enough time to rest" or "the work is too demanding and too exhausting I wish the others would do it". Don''t be misled by the complaint; and don''t be deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy. Complaining is just part of working and it is a manifestation of the pride they take in their unique capacity to conquer the tough job. 现在我们常常听到那些老一套的怨言：“我要做的事太多了，简直没有时间去休息”， “这工作太难了，太累了，真想让别人去干。”不要被这些怨言所迷惑，不要误认为人们 不愿化力气。发牢骚正是工作的一部分，它反映了人们对自己处理棘手工作的出众能力的自豪感。 V．比较法 比较法句型主要用于通过对过去与现在两种不同倾向、态度和观点的比较，引出文章要讨论的主题。 37 For years Until recently ... had been was seen viewed regarded as.... But that is changing now. people are taking a fresh look at it. 37 With the growing mounting demand for interest in concern over ... people.... 37.1 For years offsprings especially sons had been expected to remain at home permanently bringing their spouses home to the big extended family when they got married. But that''s changing now. With growing demand for independence and the improved living standard more and more young people seek to leave the parental family to establish their own households. 多少年来，子女，尤其是儿子一直被希冀永远待在家里。当他们结婚后，应把配偶带回家来， 组成大家庭。但现在这已起了变化。由于生活水平的提高和对独立生活的要求，越来越多的 青年追求搬出父母家，建立自己的家庭。 37.2 Until recently the general attitude toward daydreaming remained hostile. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now sane people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. They think it may contribute to intellectual growth and lead to the attainment of actual goals. 不久前人们对白日做梦一般还是持批评的态度，认为它浪费时间，是逃避现实生活及 其责任的一种不健康的倾向。但现在有人对此持一种新的看法。他们认为白日做梦有助 于智力的发展，能引导人们实现要达到的目标。 37.3 Until recently discoveries in science and technology had been thought of as the result of dramatic accidents. But the view is changing now. Contrary to the notion of "instant" scientific discoveries distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years. 以前，科学技术的发现一直是被看成带有戏剧性的偶然结果。现在这种观点正在改变。 与这种“瞬息”的科学发明的看法相反，伟大的科学成就不仅仅是机会，而且是长年累 月换而不舍、孜孜不倦的结果。 38 People used to think It was once thought that.... In the past old days .... But things are quite different. few people now share this view. 38.1 People used to be born at home and die at home. In the old days. Children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. But now things are quite different. Our youngsters have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member. When people get seriously sick they are often transferred to a hospital where children are usually unwelcome and forbidden to visit terminally ill patients. This deprives the children of an experience of death an experience very important to one''s life. 人们过去生在家里，死在家里。过去，生与死作为生活一 部分孩子们是经常看到的和听到的。但现在情况大不相同了。 我们年轻人从来看不到婴儿的降临，也体验不到一个家人的 死去。当人患了重病，他们常被送往医院，而孩子们通常在 医院是不受欢迎的，是 不允许探视临终的病人的。这就剥夺了孩子对死亡的体会， 而这个体会对人生来说是十分重要的。 38.2 It was once thought that air pollution affected only the areas immediately around large cities with factories and heavy traffic. Today we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution the problem is literally worldwide. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the burning of coal and oil is creating a greenhouse effect and raising the world''s average temperature. 过去人们认为大气污染只影响工厂密集、交通繁忙的大城市周围 地区。现在我们懂得虽然这些地区空气污染最严重，但这一问题实 际上却是全球性的。燃烧煤和油使大气里的二氧化碳成份增加， 这就带来了温室效应，使世界平均气温上升。 39 Several years decades ago people ... Now ... Today ... Why do people ...? has such change taken place? 39.1 Several years ago people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time job. "Why? Maybe he is short of money they thought. Nowadays it is not an uncommon occurrence that college students are working as tutors salesmen and tour guides. Many students put up advertisements on bulletin boards or lamp posts to search for odd jobs. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a summer job? 几年前，人们听到某某大学生在打工，常会觉得有点惊奇。他们想 ：“怎么啦？他可能缺钱用吧？”但如今大学生兼做家庭教师或 推销员、导游是常有的事了。许多学生在招贴栏或路灯杆上贴广告， 想寻找一份短工。为什么许多学生对课余打工或暑假打工这么感兴趣呢？ 39.2 Several decades ago early childhood was spent playing games on the streets. To acquire academic skills at early ages was not encouraged. But now there is an increasing awareness of the importance of learning in the early years. Failure to teach children when they are young is seen as evidence of bad parenting. Hence education begins at increasingly earlier ages. Children are now presented both at home and in kindergarten with formal instruction in reading and math once reserved for primary school students. Why has such a big change taken place? 二三十年前，孩子们是在街上玩游戏度过童年的。人们并不鼓励从小 多学知识。但现在人们越来越认识到从小学习的重要性。如 果不从小教孩子识字等，父母会被认为对孩子不负责。所以现在教育 越来越早。无论在家里还是幼儿园，现在小孩子都接受正规的教 育，如识字，算数，而这些以前要到小学才学。为什么会发生这么大变化呢？ 39.3 General attitude toward the market-oriented economy has undergone a great change. Twenty or thirty years ago very few people believed that the market-oriented economy could work in our society. Now however it is widely held that it is the only key to the development of our economy. It is in my opinion that the second of these attitudes is nearly unsophisticated as the first. Yesterday''s skepticism was based on ignorance of the law of economic growth; today''s assurance reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of economy itself. 人们对市场经济的态度经历了很大的变化。二三十年前，很少有人认为 市场经济在我们国家行得通。而今天许多人则认为市场经济是我们经济发展 的唯一手段。而我认为，第二种态度同第一种差不多简单。昨天对市场经济 的怀疑态度是由于人们对经济发展规律的一无所知；而今天的绝对肯定 则反映了人们对经济本质的误解。 40 After a good many years of efforts to enthusiasm for ... people begin to .... 40.1 After years of second-class status smaller rewards and lesser coverage by sports writers women athletes are making great strides ------ not just in gymnastics and swimming but in weightlifting and football. Women can and do compete well in nearly every sport and draw as large crowds of plying customers as men. 多少年来女运动员地位低下，报酬低，体育记者对她们报道也少。 现在她们正在取得很大的进步，不仅在体操、游泳，而且在举重和 足球方面也取得了长足的进步。妇女在几乎所有的体育项目上都能， 而且也确实干得很好，她们和男运动员一样能吸引许多观众。 40.2 After years of enthusiasm for more children childbearing is losing its appeal for many young couples in big cities. In an increasing number newly-weds put off having children or decide not to have one at all. The latest reports show that in 1994 married couples with wives under 35 had less than one child on average while with wives over 55 had more than three children. 经过多年的多生孩子热后，大城市里的许多年轻夫妇对生孩子正逐渐 失去兴趣。越来越多的新婚夫妇推迟生育孩子或决定不要孩子。根据 最新的报道，1994年35岁以下的已婚女性平均生育子女还不到一个， 而55岁以上的妇女则超过3个。 40.3 After a good many years of observing human nature in action I have firmly concluded that two qualities make the difference between leaders and men of average performance. They are curiosity and discontent. These deep human urges work together I believe to motivate all human discovery and achievement. 经过多年来对现实生活中的人性的观察，我得出一个肯定结论： 人能成为一个杰出之材还是一个平庸之辈取决于两个特性：好奇和 不满足。我认为人性中的这两个欲望，一起起作用驱使人去发现， 去取得成就。 41 It is a traditional way custom practice to.... But now the pendulum has swung to another direction. in the opposite direction. the other way. 41.1 It is a traditional custom for Chinese old people to live with their children and their grandchildren. In this way the young people can express their gratefulness and show respect for the elderly. But in the recent decades the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. According to a study in 1994 52 percent of Chinese elderly were living alone in their own houses or in nursing homes in big cities as against nearly zero in 1954. Why are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their children? 中国的老人和他们的子女和子孙住在一起是一个传统的习惯。年轻人以此来表示 对老人的尊敬，表达对父辈养育之恩的报答。但最近一二十年，钟摆转到相反的方 向去了。根据1994年一项调查， 52％的老人独住自己家，或住进大城市的养老院， 而在1954年则基本没有这种情况。为什么越来越多的老人和他们的于女分开住呢？ 41.2 Traditionally young ad4iks are preoccupied with business careers financial success the accumulation of possessions and conformable living. But now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way. According to the 1994 census many counterculture ideas have entered mainstream culture. More people are defining success in terms of intangibles ------ creativity autonomy pleasure participation adventure stimulation and love. Many are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identities of wife and husband. 传统上来说，青年人关心的是职业、成功、积累财富以及舒适的生活。但现在 钟摆似乎转到另一方向去了。根据1994年的调查，许多反文化的观念已进入了主流文化。 许多人衡量成功的标志不再是物质方面，而是创造、自主、快乐、参与、冒险、刺激和爱情。 许多人对社会提供的工作和支付的报酬发生了疑问，并且不满足于丈夫和妻子的传统社会属性。 42 In recent years there is a steady / subtle / significant shift of general / growing / healthy tendency to upward / welcome / undesirable trend toward ... 42 According to a poll study survey there is X percent of... compared with Y percent last year. Why...? 42.1 In recent years there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to applied field. According to a study in Beijing alone 72 percent of scientists and researchers have switched to industries where there are more jobs available and frequently more highly-paid than jobs connected with pure research. Does the trend have something to do with nationwide concentration on immediate results of economy and little interest in long-range studies? 最近几年，科学家正从纯理论的研究转到应用领域上来。根据一项调查显示： 光北京地区就有72％的科研工作者转向了工业部门，那里不仅工作机会多， 通常工资待遇也远比理论研究部门要高得多。这种倾向是否和全国只注重 经济的直接产出，不太关心长期的理论研究有关呢？ 42.2 In recent years there is a tendency towards living alone ------ a dramatic step on the path away from the close-knit extended families so common just a few decades ago. According to a census report households consisting of just one person have increased to 14 percent in the past year compared with 4 percent 20 years ago. Why are people living alone? 近些年来独身现象悄然出现。这对几十年前相当普遍的关系紧密的大家庭来说， 是一个非常大的变化。根据一份调查报告，去年单身者家庭上升14%，而在20年 前只有4%单身者家庭。为什么那些人要选择独身生活呢？ 第五卷 第六章 ?????? VI．故事法 文章开头讲一个故事，不仅可以引起读者的兴趣，且可引出文章要讨论 的主题。以下是引出故事的句型。 43 Last Sunday The other day Some months ago I a friend of mine ... The story case incident is not rare unusual it is one typical of thousands of ... 43.1 The other day I met Miss Lee my old classmate who told me that she had decided to quit her job as a teacher at the end of the school year and to go into a company. She said that she couldn''t make a living in her chosen profession and that not even her moonlighting twice a week could put her out of the financial quagmire she was in. Miss Lee''s case is not unusual it is typical of thousands of young teachers who are quitting their jobs in search of more lucrative work. 几天前，我遇到老同学李小姐。她告诉我她决定在本学期未辞去教师工作， 去一家公司供职。她说她选择的教师职业使她无法生活下去，即使她每周两次 晚上出去打工，还是不能摆脱经济站据的窘境。李小姐的情况很普遍。在成千 上万辞去自己原来工作，去寻找比较有钱的职业的青年教师中，她是个典型的例子。 43.2 Last evening I went to visit one of my friends and was little surprised to find his ten-year-old daughter having an early dinner alone. Why didn''t she have supper with her family? "She is going to have class in the evening school explained her father. The case is not rare. My friend''s daughter is just one of thousands of school children around the city who are learning foreign languages in evening schools. 昨晚我去看望一个朋友，看到她10岁的女儿正独自吃早晚饭有些奇怪。 便问：“她为什么不和家人一起吃晚饭？”他父亲解释道：“她要上夜校去。” 这种情况并不鲜见。在夜校学外语的全市数以万计的在校学生中， 我朋友的女儿不过是其中的一个而已。 44 Once in a hospital street newspaper I saw read of learnt .... The problem phenomenon plight of ... has drawn arouse public nationwide general attention. concern 44.1 Once in a hospital I saw a small child with acute leukemia. She made the rounds and asked the adults ------ her father mother and relatives What is it going to be like when I die?" The grown-ups responded in a variety of ways some crying out some l osing for wards. The only message the little girl received through the grown-ups'' response was that they had a lot of fear when it came to talking about death. How to help our youngsters to deal with the reality of death ------ part of life that all of us eventually have to face? The question has now drawn general attention. 有一次我在医院里看到一个患白血病的小女孩。她环视了一下来看望她的大人， 逐个问她的爸爸、妈妈及亲戚：“我死后会怎么样？”大人们的反应各不相同， 有的不禁失声痛哭，有的吞吞吐吐不知如何作答。这个女孩从大人的反应中得到 的唯一信息是，在谈到死亡时他们对死都很害怕。如何来帮助孩子正确对待死， 这个我们每一个人最终都必须面对的现实呢？这个问题已引起许多人的注意。 44.2 Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has amused nationwide concern. 有一次在报上我读到一则消息：一大群人对一位落水儿童的母亲的哀求置之 不理真令人震惊。由于这位妇女一时拿不出所要求的现钱的数目作为救她孩子的回报 ，最后她眼睁睁地看着儿子淹死。这种事在报纸、电视上常有报道。人们现在 表现出来的这种麻木不仁、见死不救的态度已引起了全社会的关注。 45 I have a friend A friend of mine who .... Should Can he...? Such a choice dilemma problem we often meet face confront in our daily life. 45.1 I have a friend who lies in a hospital slowly dying of a painful and incurable disease. Although there is no hope of recovery the disease sometimes permits its victim to linger on for many months in ever great torment. My friend apprised of the outcome and knowing that the hospital expenses are a severe drain on his family''s limited financial resources decides that death had better come at once. Should the family meet his demand despite the enormous love for him? Should the doctor run the risk of providing him with the necessary drug? Such a dilemma we often meet in our daily life. 我有一个朋友躺在医院里，他患了不治之症，在痛苦中慢慢死去。 虽然这种病无法医治，但病人要在愈来愈痛苦的折磨中挣扎好几个月。 我的朋友得知自己的病情后，考虑到耗费在自己身上的医药费时并不富裕的 家来说是个沉重的经济负担，决定尽快结束生命。虽然他的家人很爱他， 但是否应同意他的要求呢？医生是否应冒险向他提供结束生命必要的药物呢？ 在日常生活中我们常遇到这样的难题。 46 Once upon a time was lived a man. ... The tale story may be apocryphal unbelievable 46 but it still has a realistic significance its underlying moral has continuing relevance now today. 46.1 Once upon a time there were a brother and sister squabbling over an apple with each insisting on the larger slice. Just as the boy had gained control of the knife and was poised to hack off the larger share for himself the parents said: "Hold it! I don''t care who cuts that apple into two pieces but whoever does has to give the other the right to select the piece they want. " Naturally to protect himself the boy cut the apple into two pieces of equal size. The tale may be apocryphal but its underlying moral has continuing relevance today. There are sane situations in which the needs of the protagonists are not really in opposition. If the focus shifts firm defeating each other to defeating the problem every one can benefit. 从前有一对兄妹为一只苹果争吵，两人都想吃大的一块。正当那个男孩拿 起刀子准备切下大的一半给自己时，父母说：“住手，不管谁把它切开， 但切的人得给对方选择他所要部分的权利。”很自然，男孩为了不吃亏， 把苹果切成一般大小的两块。这则故事有点难以置信，但其中蕴含的教益至 今有用。有许多情况双方的需求并不真正对立，只需把争论的焦点从打 败对手转移到解决问题这上面来，双方便都能得益。 VII．问题法 问题法句型主要用于讨论一个有争议性主题的文章。文章开头用一个要讨 论或解答的问题设问，可以一下激起读者的兴趣。 47 Should What ...? Opinions of Attitudes towards ... vary widely / greatly from person to person . 47 Some think of regard view ... as .... Others argue believe claim .... 47.1 Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries? Opinions vary widely. To some people the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in society is to supply knowledge and that he needn''t concern himself with the uses to which his knowledge or discoveries may be put. But other people argue that a scientist has a duty to make sure that his discovery is used for not against society. 科学家对他的发现该不该负责？人们有不同的看法。有的人认为回答是否定的。 他们认为科学家在社会中的作用就是提供知识，而这些知识或发现如何用， 他不必去关心。然而有的人则认为科学家有责任确保其发现用以为社会服务， 而不是有害于社会。 47.2 Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients ------ to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? People''s attitude toward the doctor''s lie varies from person to person. Some see important reasons to lie for the patient''s own sake; others think that truthful information should not be denied or distorted. But in medicine as in law government and other lines of work the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy; to expose corruption or to promote the public interest. 为了对病人有利——为了加快病人的康复或不让病人知道自己濒临死亡—— 医生到底该不该撒谎？对医生的撒谎，人们的态度截然不同。有人认为， 为病人自身着想，撒谎是有必要的。有人则认为不应隐瞒或歪曲真相。 然而医疗行业与法律、政府及其它行业一样，有些东西往往比诚实更为重要。 如避免恐怖的消息所造成的后果，或必须格守保密的诺言， 或需要揭露腐败行为或促进公众利益。 47.3 What does it take to succeed in one''s studies or career? Opinions vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck ------ being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had. 是什么使一个人在自己的学习或工作上获得成功？人们的意见不尽相同。 在基本相同的情况下，有人认为成功的因素主要是运气，即正处在恰当的 地点和恰当的时间。有的则认为是由于全身心地投入工作以至于对自己近 乎残忍的科度。还有人认为成功无疑取决于是否聪慧或取决于其母亲受教育的程度。 48 How do you What do you Do you ever think of...? How do you What do you Do you ever see...? In answer reply to these questions we must.... 48.1 How do we think of the heavy burden a student has to carry from kindergarten through graduate school? How do we measure success in education? How does education affect not only labor skills but the quality of life? In seeking answers to such questions there is much man ------ indeed necessity ------ for consideration and robust debate. 我们如何看一个学生从幼儿园到大学所承受的沉重的学习负担？我们又如何 来衡量一个人在学习上的成功？而教育又怎样不仅影响一个人的工作技能而且 还影响到生活质量？要寻找这些问题的答案，有许多地方，也确实有必要进行 思考并开展热烈的讨论。 49 "Why do have .. . ?" Many people often ask pose the question like this. 49.1 "Why does the idea of progress loan so large in the modern world?" Many people often ask the question like this. Surely it is because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in morality it has made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology. 为什么进步这个概念在当今世界上如此受人重视？许多人经常问这一问题。 毫无疑问，这是因为某种特殊的进步实际上正在我们周围出现， 而且变得越来越明显。虽然人类在道德方面并无普遍的提高， 但在知识和技术方面却取得了非凡的进步。 49.2 "Why have I chosen to attend college? Is the four-year academic life worthwhile?" I have put these questions to myself at many times in the past two years. Have I come because of parental influence or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to pursue? After pondering these questions on many occasions I have finally reached the conclusion that I have come to college not for money nor for fame but for knowledge for a better understanding of the world around me. “我为什么要选择读大学，这四年的学习生活是否值得？” 在过去的两年中我不止一次地问自己。我读大学是否因父母的影响？ 或有自己所要追求的目标？经过无数次思考，我最后得出结论， 我读大学并不是为钱、为名，而是为了知识，为了更好地了解我周围的世界。 第六卷 第一章 ?????? CET4语法结构、词汇考点及应试策略 一、大纲要求 最新《大学英语教学大纲》(1999)对四级语法的要求是：“巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。”《大纲》对四级词汇的要求是：“领会式掌握4200单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为2500)，以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条(中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内)，并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。” 二、四级语法结构与词汇考查内容 四级考试对语法词汇的考查与《大纲》要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题，我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现《大纲》的。 1.语法考题的涉及面宽 近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类，三种动词的非谓语形式，名词从句，形容词从句，副词从句，独立主格，一致，倒装，强调等基本语法知识。 2.语法考试的重点突出 语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。 3.具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法， 不常用的情况 1)虚拟语气的考点为：would rather+that从句+一般过去时：It is vital/necessary/important/urgent/imperative/desirable/advisable/natural/essential+that+动词原形；It is time/about time/high time+that+一般过去时：proposal/suggestion+that+动词原形；lest+that+should+动词原形；if only+that+would+动词原形。 2)状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，incase，once等来替代if；由even if/so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句；just/hardly…when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as…as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。 3)独立主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。 4)情态动词多与完成时形式连用。 5)定语从句重点考查介词＋关系代词(which)和as作为关系代词。 4.词汇的考查重点为 1)动词，名词与介词的搭配如：popular/patient+with；yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access+to；accuse/require+of；charge+for；under+discussion等等。 2)习惯用法如：confess to/set about/be used to+doing；be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等。 3)由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。 4)单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。 5)介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，none/nothing+but等词在考题中的出现。 5.近年来考题中的新趋势为：若干考点混合出现：一些交际用语也时常出现在考题中。最新《大学英语教学大纲》(1999)对四级语法的要求是：“巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。”《大纲》对四级词汇的要求是：“领会式掌握4200单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为2500)，以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条(中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内)，并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。” CET考生须知 关于证件和答题 考生有效证件 参加考试时考生一律要带身份证或学校发的考试证，同时还必须带好准考证。 准考证号 准考证号以学校为单位，按 6 位数字编排。 答题纸填写方法 答题纸（包括学校代号和准考证号）一律用铅笔填写； 在相应字母或数字的中部划一条横线，横线的长度不要超出方括号； 划线要有一定的粗度，浓度要盖过所印字母底色；切勿用尖而细的铅笔轻轻划线； 如要更正，一定要用橡皮擦干净，不留黑污； 注意不要划错行。例如，不要把第 6 题的答题划到第 5 题或第 7 题上去； 学校代号和准考证号一定要划写正确； 因划线不合要求而产生的机器阅卷差错由考生本人负责。 考试违纪处理 对作弊的考生，由总主考会同学校主考按教育部（原国家教育委员会）高等教育司 1994 年发出的“大学英语四、六级考试作弊和违纪处理办法（试行）”的要求进行处理，考试中心对作弊考生的成绩一律按 0 分处理，由学校对违纪考生和违纪人员作出相应处分。 成绩和证书 考试成绩 大学英语考试成绩报道采用以百分制为形式的正态分制，60 分为合格，85 分为优秀； 大学英语考试只报导总分； 各考试中心在考试后 50 天内将成绩寄给参加考试的学校； 如考生对本人的成绩有疑问，可凭本人准考证及学校教务处证明向有关考试中心提出查询，并交纳人工查询费。 合格证书 大学英语考试合格者发给教育部高等教育司印制的证书，证书上注明“合格”或“优秀”； 凡遗失证书者，在证书发放日起 4 年内可由原所在学校教务处出具证明，向所属考试中心申请补发由考试委员会办公室统一印制的“CET 考试合格证明”，不再补发证书，申请者交纳工本费。超过 4 年，不再补发 CET 考试合格证明。 第六卷 第二章 ?????? 四级英语语法精解1 中国考试网 非谓语动词等语法项目的测试特点和应对策略。 一、 非谓语动词 近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起来分析一下： 1、非谓语动词考查特点 1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断 对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如： All things ___ because of the snowstorm many passengers could do nothing buttake the train.(1999.1) A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled 四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。 2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择 谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如： ① I don''t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. (2000.1) A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make ② Had I remembered ____ the windows the thief would not have got in.(1996.1) A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed ③ Your hair wants ______ . You''d better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6) 这类题涉及三个方面： 谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？ 即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？ 不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？ 3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择 从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况： (1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如： ① The project ____ by the end of 2000 will expand the city''s telephone network to cover 1 000 000 users.(1999.6) A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished ② If I correct someone I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.(1996.6) A. to correct B. correcting C. having been corrected D. being corrected 同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律 就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。 (2)对固定结构的考查，如： ① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6) A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base ② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed ①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means way time moment reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。 4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择 做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如： ① ______ the earth to be flat many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6) A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed ② _______ a teacher in a university it is necessary to have at least a master''s degree.(1995.1) A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming ③ Realizing that he hadn''t enough money and ____ to borrow from his father he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1) A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not ④ ___ it or not his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1) A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed 从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有： (1)状语类别的判断 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。 (2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系 根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。 (3)非谓语动词的否定形式 not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。 (4) 独立成分 有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如: generally speaking judging from... to tell the truth... 等。 5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择 做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如： ① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the officetomorrow.(1998.1) A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed ② After a few rounds of talks both sides regarded the territory dispute ______.(1998.6) A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled ③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.(2000.6) A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising ④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6) A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering ⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealingwith another shop.(1997.1) A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating ⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house with the audience _____ on benches chairs or boxes.(2000.1) A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 考查涉及到 感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。 have make let leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。 regard类后面的宾语补足语 with独立分句后面的 常用动词后面的宾语补足语。 6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择 表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如： ① The house was very quiet ____ as it was on the side of the mountain.(1999.6) A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated ② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police mainly becausenot all victims report them.(2000.6) A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded 分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go feel seem look remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。 7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择 to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如： ① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6) A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard ② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down intosmaller more easily managed problems.(1996.6) A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal ③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6) A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质；另一种是to在题干中，如③。 8) 分词前连词的使用 分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况 (1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式 Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1) A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。 (2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词 Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed.(1996.1) A. like B. so C. which D. as 由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。 9) 非谓语动词的体 非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。 动名词的体也有having done having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。 不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend happen seem appear be said to等结构中。如： ① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6) A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 ② I''d rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1) A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse 从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。 ③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.(1995.1) A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered 该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体，答案为D。 第六卷 第三章 ?????? 四级英语语法精解2 中国考试网 10）动名词复合结构 动名词符合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构： ① _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.(1999.1) A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated C. The girl''s being educated D. The girl to be educated 本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少that，D为不定式做主语，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B结构不能做主语，答案是C，为动名词的复合结构。 ② Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon. A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance 介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用there be句型，所以答案为A，这也是动名词复合结构，there为动名词的逻辑主语。 ③ I don''t mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make (2000.1) Mind要求接动名词 动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词，答案自然是B。 ④ I would appreciate _____ it a secret.(1995.6) A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep 本题与上一题类似，答案是A。 2．非谓语动词解题策略 1） 正确判断非谓语动词 这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中，如果在选项与句子之间没有连词，则说明，所选为独立主格结构，既名词或主格代词 + 分词。 All things ______ the planned trip will have to be called off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6) 句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是A。 ____ a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6) A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal 做状语的可以是从句，但B的结构是虚拟条件，与这里不符，不表目的，C不对，不表将来，独立主格中非谓语动词不能是不定式，答案为A。 4） 判断动名词复合结构的方式 主语位置上，或动词、介词后的"名词代词 + 非谓语动词"，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是"名词 + 定语。请看以下各例： He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping. A. left B. being left C. leaving D. be left insist on后不接从句，D可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求"开着窗子睡觉"，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为B。 The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour. A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked 做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为D。 The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college. A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted 消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是"被录取的孩子"，介词of后不可能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。 3） 注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系 正确判断非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是做什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点： 如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词； 如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词； 如果表示将来，则用动词不定式。 这是非谓语动词运用的基本原则，然后再根据其不同的作用，掌握其更细的规则。如： (1)做定语时 做定语的可以是动名词、分词或不定式。动名词做前置定语，所构成的大多为固定短语，四级考试一般不涉及。主要考查分词和不定式做定语。分词或不定式做定语一般做后置定语。 ① The project ____ by the end of 2000 will expand the city''s telephone network to cover 1 000 000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished ② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1) A. done B. be done C. having done D. to have been done ③ As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.(1998.1) A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had ④ Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists. A. invited B. were invited C. inviting D. to invite 做定语的非谓语动词有一下几种形式： doing 结构 :分词与中心词之间是主谓关系 表示正在进行 或状态。如③ being done结构 ：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动和正在进行，如：No one is to enter the buildingbeing repaired. to be done结构 ：不定式与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示将来和被动，如①。 done结构 ：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动、完成或一般，如②④。 to do结构 ：不定式与中心词之间是主谓关系，表示将来。如：The professor to give us a speechtomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works. 完成形式不能做定语，包括分词的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。 (2)做状语 做状语的可以是不定式，也可以是分词。大体结构有： doing 结构 ：分词与句子主语为主谓关系，表示与谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生，或是同时存在的状态。如： ______ the earth to be flat many feared that Columbus would fall off the edgeof the earth. A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed done结构 ：只要分词与句子主语间是动宾关系就可以用过去分词，可以表示完成，可以表示正在进行，也可以表示条件。如： _______ in this way the situation doesn''t seem so disappointing. A. Too look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at (2000.1) He came in followed by a group of reporters. having done结构 ：分词与句子主语是主谓关系，切发生在谓语动词之前。Having seen the film already I declined his invitation to go to the cinema. having been done结构 ：该结构表示完成被动，即分词与句子主语之间是动宾关系，切发生在谓语动词之前。如：Havingbeen showed many times he still didn''t understand the operation of the machine. to do 结构 ：这是不定式结构，在句中可以做目的状语，也可以做结果状语，但不定式动作总是发生在谓语动词之后。如： _______ a teacher in a university it is necessary to have at least a master''s degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming 表结果时一般为固定结构，如too …to… enough to….，或是表示出乎意料的结果，常可加构成only to的结构。如： I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day she woke to find herself in hospital. being done结构 ：该结构表示被动与正在进行，一般置于句首，表示原因。如：Being chased by some spies he hid himself in the grass. (2)做表语 测试中对表语的考查主要侧重在现在分词与过去分词的区别上，所以对于做表语的非谓语动词，主要看分词与句子主语之间的关系。做表语的分词一般只有doing和done两种形式。现在分词表示做表语的与主语是主谓关系；过去分词表示做表语的与主语之间是动宾关系。根据使用规律，如果主语是无生命名词，则表语分词为现在分词；如果主语是有生命名词，以过去分词居多，但也可以用现在分词，但意思不同。如： How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望) How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令人失望） 可接表语的系动词很多，除be外还有remain feel look appear seem get become go。 (3)做补足语 一般做宾补的非谓语动词动词的形式选择与其它成分中的非谓语动词形式选择规则基本相同。 doing结构：分词与宾语构成主谓关系，表正在进行。 When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating done结构：分词与宾语构成动宾关系，表示被动与完成。 Don''t get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.(1996.1) A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change to do 结构：不定式表示将来，如wish somebody to do expect somebody to do arrange for somebodyto do等等。 being done结构：表示被动和正在进行 watch the flag being raised Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.(2000.1) A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C. having cultivated D. cultivating to be done结构：用语表示将来与被动，一般用语主谓关系时可用to做宾补的动词后，如：want something to be done ordersomething to be done 完成形式不能做宾补。 4） 注意分析非谓语动词做什么状语 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，测试中也常有选择非谓语动词前连词的试题。因此，同学们应注意根据状语与句子间的关系，判断连词的使用。5） 注意不定式的特殊句式 不定式在做定语和做状语时都有其特殊句式，注意这些句式的特点，考试中就会少走一点弯路。如： have something to do类： 这类结构相当于汉语的连动结构，即"有事要做"，"买东西吃"，"借书看"等。 a room in which to live类： 该类结构是a room to live in 的变体。但如果不熟悉这个结构，考试中则难以决断。如： You will want two trees about ten feet apart from _____ to suspend your tent.(1998.1) A. there B. them C. which D. where The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6) A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base the first to do 该结构表示如果名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或序数词、最高级本身做名词用，其后应不定式做定语。 the ability to do 该结构表示，形容词变了的名词后用不定式做定语。 the need to do 该结构表示由动词变来的名词后用不定式做定语。 the way to do 该结构表示，在一些特定的名词后面常用不定式做定语，应注意记忆，如means reason time pressure moment。 6） 熟记固定搭配，分清不定式与to加动名词 其实容易产生不定式符号与介词混淆的只是为数不多的某些句式，只要平时注意积累即可。 prefer doing something to doing something look forward to doing something be used to doing something (习惯于做某事) stick to doing something object to doing something/ have objection to doing something be opposed to doing something admit/confess to doing something I have no objection _____ your story again.(2000.6) A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 从出题人的心理来看，如果有to do something和 to doing something的对比项，一般答案是to doing something。 7） 分清宾补的类别 (1)感官动词后的宾补可以是 doing do done being done的结构，其中being done 只用于少数动词后面， 如find smell feel等。 (2)have somebody do something 让某人做某事 have somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事 won''t have somebody do something 不许某人做某事 have something done 使某事被做 have something + ving 让……一直…… (3)catch smell keep set 等只能接doing的结构 表示主动和正在进行。 (4)leave somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事 leave something undone 使某事只做了一半 leave something to be done 事情有待于解决 leave somebody to do something让某事做某事，表示将来 (5)with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。 with somebody doing something 宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行。 with something to do 宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行者在句中找的着。 with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作执行者在句中找不着。 with something done 宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。 8） 注意下列结构中非谓语动词的体 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something 不定式动作一般为状态动词，也可是终止性动词，表示与谓语动词同时存在或发生。 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something 不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前。 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something 不定式动作与谓语动词同时进行 9)熟记哪些动词后接不定式 哪些接动名词 如果两者都可，又有什么差别。 既可接不定式 又可接动名词 用法有别的动词常考的有: forget remember regret mean try等。 10）注意want/need/require表示"需要"时的特殊句式 want/need/require表"需要"时，后接主动的动名词或被动的不定式，即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。 第六卷 第四章 ?????? 四级英语语法精解3 中国考试网 二、 比较级 1． Test Yourself 在我们分析比较级的测试特点探讨其应对策略之前 让我们首先看以下几题。 1) Radio television and press ____ of conveying news and information.(1995.6) A. are the most three common means B. are the most common three means C. are the three most common means D. are three the most common means 2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think ________ would be getting sick.(1998.1) A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us C. a lot of us more C. a lot more of us 3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn''t bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1) A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as 4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6) A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much 5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots. A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely 6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1) A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost 7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1) A. and B. than C. as D. but 8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1) A. to be paid more than a month late B. to be paid later than more a month C. to pay later than a month more D. to pay late more than a month 9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who their natural parents are.(1997.1) A. the most B. most of C. most D. the most of 10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1) A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as 参考答案： 1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B 2． 比较级测试特点 在四级测试中，比较级属低档题，比较简单，考查范围大体有 1）比较级形式的判断 比较级考题在设计干扰项时一般都会有比较与非比较的选择，more than 与as/so …as的选择。如上面的③，⑤。 2）比较级的修饰语 比较级的修饰语包括修饰语的结构和修饰语的选用。 结构指比较级修饰语须置于比较级之前，如①，②和④。 修饰语的选用根据其所表达的意思而定，如⑥，⑩。 3）比较级结构与其它结构的区别 如⑧中形容词修饰语more than a month与比较级结构的区别，⑨中most 与the most的区别。 3． 比较级应对策略 1）如果选项中有比较级结构，则该题则为比较级考查题，可根据比较级使用规则选择正确答案。 2）比较级修饰语应注意more than 或as…as结构之前。 3）注意比较结构的完整性，要么是more than 结构，要么是as/so …as 结构，或是the more …. the more ….的句型。 4）注意结构的各种变体： 结构内出现名词时的结构可以是as old a car as many /much/few/little …as。 5）如果有比较 对象的选择应注意比较对象的一致性和互不包容性。如： His English is better than anyone else''s in his class. 三、 情态动词 1. Test Yourself 首先让我们分析以下近几年情态动词的考题： 1) This box is too heavy _________give me a hand?(1998.1) A .would you mind B. would you please C. will you like to D. will you please to 2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night no matter what we ____ during the day.(1999.1) A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done 3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up but you____ it.(1998.6) A. mustn''t have done B. wouldn''t have done C. mightn''t have done D. didn''t have to do 4) If you don''t like to swim you ___ stay at home.(1995.1) A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well 5) You ____ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.(2000.6) A. shouldn''t follow B. mustn''t follow C. couldn''t have been following D. shouldn''t have been following 6) You ___her in her office last Friday; she''s been out of town for two weeks.(19996.1) A. needn''t have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can''t have seen 7) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned.(1996.6) A. can''t have been B. shouldn''t have been C. mustn''t have been D. wouldn''t have been 参考答案 1) B 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A 2．情态动词的测试要点 从以上例题可以看出，四级语法对情态动词的测试大体有以下几点。 1）情态动词的基本用法，如①④⑤。 2）情态动词 + 动词的完成形式的用法，如③⑥。 3）情态动词的推测性用法⑦。 3． 情态动词的应对策略 情态动词的使用主要根据其所表达的含义。解题时注意以下几点： 1）情态动词自身结构要正确 结构包括情态动词自身的搭配和其后的连带成分。除ought外情态动词后接原形动词，测试中常将不同结构的动词置于一起设干扰项，如①。四个选项都与请求有关，但wouldyou mind后接动名词，一般说would you like to而不是will you like to，will you please后用原形动词，答案是wouldyou please? 2）注意情态动词推测性用法中各个情态动词使用的句型是否与题干句型一致。 在情态动词的推测性用法中，must can may might could各用于不同的句型，应注意分辨。具体使用规律为： must只用于肯定句中。 can/could不能用语肯定句中。 may/might不能用语疑问句中。 另外还应注意can''t表示"不可能"，may not表示"可能不"。 考试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该must can''t用而不是may may not。如： He can''t have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person. Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited. 3） 注意推测性用法中谓语动词发生的时间。 如果推测的为过去的事情，情态动词后则用完成形式。 There must have been no one in for nobody answered the phone. 如果推测的是正在进行的事情，情态动词后则用动词的进行形式。 They must be talking about something very secret. 如果推测的是现在的状态等，情态动词后则用原形动词 He must be badly ill. He looks so pale. 如果推测的是将来发生的事情，情态动词后同样用原形动词，这时，情态动词只能是may/might。 There may be a terrible storm in the following few days. 4） 注意"情态动词+动词的完成形式"所表达的意思与题干意思是否相符。 其它"情态动词+ 动词的完成形式"并不表示推测，而分别表示： could have done本来能够 He didn''t take part in the competition he _______ though. A. won B. didn''t win C. could win D. could have won needn''t have done 本来没不要 You ________. There was plenty of time. A. needn''t hurry B. can''t hurry C. mustn''t have hurried D. needn''t have hurried should/ought to have done 本来应该 You _______ me earlier. I could have helped you. A. should tell me B. should have told C. need to tell D. needn''t have told shouldn''t/oughtn''t to have done 本来不应该 You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. A. shouldn''t follow B. mustn''t follow (2000.6) C. couldn''t have been following D. shouldn''t have been following might have done 本来应该（用来表示一种责备） You ______ even though you were busy at that time. A. might help him B. must have helped him C. might have helped him D. should help him 这类题在设计干扰项时，一般都会有情态动词推测性用法的涉及，同学们应注意分词上下文的逻辑和语意关系。 5） 注意常用情态动词的基本句法和表意功能 其它常用动词的用法，如shall表示"命令"、"威胁"、"许诺"或征求许可，may/mightas well等，同学们都应多多注意其用法。 四、 倒装 倒装结构也是比较常见的一种句式，但考查的分量不大，考试都有哪些特点，如何应对，首先让我们一起来看一下近几年的考题。 1．Test Yourself. 1) I could not persuade him to accept it ___ make him see the importance of it.(19995.1) A. if only I could not B. no more than I could C. or I could not D. nor could I 2) Not until the game had begun ______at the sports ground.(2000.6) A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived C. did he arrive C. should he have arrived 3) The organization had broken no rules but _____ had it acted responsibly.(19996.1) A. neither B. so C. either D. both 4) We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.(1999.6) A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use 5) Only under special circumstances_____to take make-up tests.(1997.6) A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permitted C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen 参考答案： 1) D 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) A 2．倒装测试范围和应对策略 倒装分部分倒装和全部倒装，但从近几年的测试来看，重点是部分倒装。对于倒装句型同学们所应注意的就是在哪些情况下需要倒装，并且如何倒装。注意下面常见的倒装条件。 1） 含有否定意味的词置于句首，主谓倒装。 同学们应注意常用否定词语，如：hardly barely not seldom little few nowhere never atno time by no means in no way in no case under no circumstances not until not only… but also.. neither … nor…等。如果是在从句的句首，则从句倒装，如4）题。 2） only + 状语置于句首，主谓倒装。 Only后的状语可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，要特别注意，从句并不倒装，而是主句倒装。如： Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work. 3） Neither/So置于句首倒装，表示"也/也不……"，如上面的2）3）题。 4） There/here/then或做状语的地点副词和地点介词短语置于句首，要全部倒装。如： There stands a monument in the center of the square. Down came a light form the ceiling when he was walking across the floor. On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen. 5） 现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成"分词+ be + 主语+其它+的倒装句式。如： Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl. Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which theyhad been working so hard to find radium. 6） so/such…. that句型中，so + 形容词/副词提前，主谓倒装。如： So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway. Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night. 第六卷 第五章 ?????特 常用短语精解 1.to get on : (to enter board) to get on(搭乘，上车) 动词get的用法很多，常常在后面接用各种不同的介系词或副词而形成意义不同的习语。这里的on是介系词，后面的bus和subway用作它的受词。如果on作副词用，则有进步，相处甚好，与年事已长的意思。 (1) I always get on the bus at 34th Street. 我总是在３４街搭乘公共汽车。 (2) William gets on the subway at the same station every morning. 威廉每天早晨在同一车站搭乘地下火车。 2.to get off : (to leave descend from) to get off (下车)与上面的get on相反。Get off也有好些其它的意义，如寄出，离开等。下车也可以用alight from或get out of a carriage或motor car 不过下电车或公共汽车多用get off . (1) Helen got off the bus at 42nd Street. 海伦在42街下公共汽车。 (2) At what station do you usually get off the subway? 你通常在那一站下地下火车？ 3.to put on: (to place on oneself-said particularly of clothes) to put on (穿，戴)特别指穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽、戴眼镜也用这个成语。英文中还有wear和dress二字也是穿的意思。可是wear是继续的动作，表示穿着的状态，而put on是一时的动作。下面两个句子都是错的： I shall wear my overcoat before I go out (应用put on). In such cold weather I put on my overcoat all day （应用wear）.dress的意思是 ①put clothes on后面的受词一定是人，如dress a child dress oneself be dressed in white ②put on clothes vk Get up and dress quickly. （快点起来穿好衣服。） (1) Mary put on her hat and left the room. 玛丽戴上她的帽子就离开这屋子。 (2) Why is John putting on his hat and coat? 约翰为什么穿衣戴帽呢？ 4.to take off : (to remove-said also of clothes) to take off (脱去)与put on 的意义相反，指脱去衣物鞋帽.民可以用put off 但较不通用。 (1) John took off his hat as he entered the room. 约翰在这屋时脱下他的帽子。 (2) Is Helen taking off her coat because it is too warm in the room? 海伦是不是因为室内太暖和而脱去她的外衣呢？ 5.to call up: (to telephone) to call up (打电话给……)后面一定要有受词，也就是接电话的人。如果受词是代名词的话，常插在call与up 之间。 (1) I forgot to call up Mr. Jones yesterday although I promised to call him up exactly at three o’clock. 我昨天忘记打电话给钟斯先生，虽然我答应了在三点钟的时候打电话给他的。 (2) Did anyone call me up while I was out? 我出去的时候有人打电话来找我吗？ 6.to turn on : (to start begin) to turn on (扭开，打开)指扭开电灯，电炉，电扇，煤气等的按钮或开关，以及自来水的水龙头等而言。开电灯也可以用put on the light. (1) Please turn on the light. This room is dark. 请你扭开电灯，这房间太黑暗了。 (2) Someone turned on the radiator in this room while we were out. 我们外出时，有人把房内的电炉扭开了。 7.to turn off : (to stop terminate extinguish) to turn off （关闭，停止）指扭熄电灯，关闭无线电、自来水等。关灯也可以用put out the light. (1) Please turn off the light. We do not need it now. 请把电灯关了，我们现在不需要它。 (2) Shall I turn off the radio or are you still listening to it? 我可以把收音机关掉吗，你是不是还要收听呢？ 8.right away : (immediately at once very soon) right away （立刻，马上）为美国口头语，没有immediately与at once正式， 系一副词片语，与right now (exactly now )的意思相仿。 (1) She says that dinner will be ready right away. 她说晚餐马上就准备好了。 (2) Can William come to my office right away? 威廉能够立刻就到我的办公室来吗？ 9.to pick up : (to take-especially with fingers) to pick up （拾起，拣起）尤指用手指把东西拿起业而言。To pick up还有很多其它的用法。如 ①让人搭便车： The motorist picked up a couple of servicemen along the highway （这个乘汽车的人在公路上让两个军人搭乘便车。） ②听会，自然学会，（言语，游戏等）： He never studied French; what he knows he picked up while living in France. （他从来没有学过法文；他所知道的是他住在法国的时候听会的。） ③捉住，逮捕，萍水相逢便行订交，选出： I picked up London lastnight. (昨晚我在无线电听到了伦敦的播音。) (1) John Picked up the newspaper which was on his desk. 约翰把书桌上的报纸拿了起来。 (2) Why didn’t you pick up that pencil which lay on the floor? 你为什么不把地板上的那枝铅笔拾起来呢？ 10.at once: (immediately very soon right away) at once （立刻，马上）为一级通用的副词片语，也可以作为同时(simultaneously)解，如 This book is at once interesting and instructive. （此书既有趣又有益。） (1) He asked me to come to his office at once. 他请我立刻就到他的办公室去。 (2) I want you to send this telegram at once. 我希望你马上把这电报发出去。 第六卷 第六章 ?????? 关于常考的时态 1. 一般现在时/一般过去时 表示客观真理、科学事实、格言和其他不受限制的客观存在。 由 “if when as soon as when….”引导的时间状语从句中，常用“一般现在时”替代“一般将来时”；“一般过去时”替代“过去将来时”。 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow I will go to swim. If it didn’t rain tomorrow I would go to swim. 2 现在进行时/过去进行时。 与always continually constantly for ever all the time连用，表现阶段经常发生的动作 表示计划安排中近期即将发生的动作。 3 完成时态 现在完成时 has/have +ed 常搭配just； so far； up to now； recently； in recent years； by +时间点; since +时间点 ; for +时间段。 过去完成时 had + ed 常搭配until then; last; that time’ that moment 将来完成时: will have + ed until then; by the time + 时间状语从句；时间状语从句 --When you graduate from our university we will have learned a lot of knowledge. 过去将来完成时: would have +ed 注：It is/was first(second…) time/moment/yesterday +n that +完成时态 It is( was) my first time that I have(had) been to Beijing. 4. 将来时 be about to be on the point of be due to 非谓语动词 不定式 后跟不定式的动词 afford agree apply arrange choose claim dare decline demand desire determine endeavor expect guarantee manage offer pledge pretend profess promise refuse resolve seek swear threaten undertake venture volunteer vow long strive proceed 特殊疑问词(如how when whether what whom who 等)+ 不定式结构在句中做动词或介词宾语。 They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect. 3. 在紧跟的句子中，用来代替整个不定式短语以避免重复。 eg: I went there because I want to (go there). wish like love hate have ought need be able be going 4. 不定式做后置定语 pressure ability key clue answer approach chance opportunity power measure means strength right attempt decision tendency resolution inclination intention plan willingness reluctance curiosity anxiety eagerness.. 5. allow advise permit forbid acknowledge consider… +n（宾语）+ to do sth eg: to permit smoking to permit us to smoke 6. 省 to的结构 rather than may/might/could as well/had better cannot but would rather+V 在more than except/but 前的谓语中有do省掉to 不定式解释前面的事时省 “to” eg: All I did was (to) give him a little push. * and but except or和 than 可以连接不定式。第二个不定式前通常省掉to: eg: I’d like to swim in summer and (to) ski in winter. 二、-ing分词和动名词 后跟-ing分词的动词 admit acknowledge anticipate appreciate avoid escape consider defer delay deny endure enjoy fancy include miss postpone practice risk suggest resist permit allow 短语：prevent from keep on doing restrain from cannot help cannot resist cannot stand burst out feel like admit to confess to consent to revert to lead to look forward to take to contribute to; object to be used to alternative to; be dedicated to; oppose to; be similar to 在下列句型中 it is (no) use/good/fun/point/bore/time/….+-ing动名词 a relief/mistake/difficulty/trouble/disaster/pleasure 3. want need require worth+ving 表被动 不定式和分词两者都可以跟随，但意义不同 like dislike begin hate prefer表喜好的动词 + ving表泛指 +to +v表特指 forget remember try mean stop go on regret + ving和+to + v意义不同。 在feel watch hear see observe find smell imagine look at 感观动词后ving表正在进行的动作 动词原形表已经过去或完成的动作 v+ing和v+ed的用法和区别 做形容词时v+ing表具有某种性质，v+ed表感到 eg: boring; bored confusing; confused 在状语从句中v+ing和v+ed的区别 v+ing 主语+（主动）； (being) v+ed，主语+ （被动） having+ed 主语+（主动）；having been +ed 主语+（被动） to do 主语+（主动）; to be done 主语+（被动） eg: Beating my sister I felt angry (Being) beaten by my sister I felt angry Having beaten my sister I felt angry. Having been beaten by my sister I felt angry. To beat my sister I felt angry. To be beaten by my sister I felt angry. 在状语从句中，当从句处于被动语态时，如果从句主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省掉主语和 be动词 when while as soon as although though even though even if unless until (连词) eg: while /unless )heated the water becomes the vapor 注意：在before和after (介词)之后+being +ed eg: After being heated the water becomes vapor. 第六卷 第七章 ???日?? 数词 数词主要分为基数词和序数词两类。 一、 数词的分类 1. 基数词 表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下： A．从1——10 one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten． B．从 11——19 eleven，twelve， thirteen， fourteen， fifteen， sixteen， seventeen，eighteen， nineteen． 这里除 eleven， twelve， thirteen， fifteen， eighteen为特殊形式外，fourteen，sixteen，seventeen，nineteen 都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。 C．从 21——99 整数几十中除twenty，thirty forty，fifty，eighty为特殊形式外，sixty，seventy，ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。 表示几十几时，在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-” 21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six D．百位数 个数基数词形式加“hundred”，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and． 101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight E．千位数以上 从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加一个逗号“，”。从右开始，第一个“，”前的数字后添加 thousand，第二个“，” 前面的数字后添加 million，第三个“，”前的数字后添加 billion。然后一节一节分别表示，两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。 2 648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight 16 250 064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four 5 237 166 234 five billion，two hundred and thirty-seven million，one hundred and sixty-six thousand，two hundred and thirty-four F．基数词在表示确切的数字时，不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式；但是，当基数词表示不确切数字，如成百、成千上万 ，三三两两时，基数词则以复数形式出现。 There are hundreds of people in the hall． 大厅里有数以百计的人。 Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day． 每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。 They went to the theatre in twos and threes． 他们三三两两地来到了剧院。 G．表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用几十的复数形式表示。 He became a professor in his thirties． 他三十多岁时成为了教授。 She died of lung cancer in forties． 她四十来岁时死于肺癌。 It was in the 1960s． 那是在二十世纪六十年代。 H．基数词的句法功能 基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。 The two happily opened the box． 两个人高兴地打开了盒子。（作主语） I need three altogether． 我总共需要三个。（作宾语） Four students are playing volleyball outside． 四个学生在外面打排球。（作定语） We are sixteen． 我们是16个人。（作表语） They three tried to finish the task before sunset． 他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务。（作同位语） 2. 序数词 表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式： A．从第一至第十九 其中，one— first， two— second， three— third， five— fifth，eight—eighth，nine—ninth， twelve— twelfth为特殊形式，其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。例如： six— sixth、 nineteen— nineteenth． B．从第二十至第九十九 整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i，再加“eth”构成。 twenty——twentieth thirty——thirtieth 表示第几十几时，用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“－”和个位序数词形式一起表示。 thirty-first 第三十一 fifty-sixth 第五十六 seventy-third 第七十三 ninety-ninth 第九十九 C．第一百以上的多位序数词 由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。 one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一 one thousand，three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十 D．序数词的缩写形式 有时，序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。 first——lst second——2nd third——3rd fourth——4th sixth——6th twentieth——20th twenty-third——23rd 其中lst，2nd，3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。 E．序数词的句法功能 序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 The second is what I really need． 第二个是我真正需要的。（作主语） He choose the second． 他挑选了第二个。（作宾语） We are to carry out the first plan． 我们将执行第一个计划。（作定语） She is the second in our class．在我们班她是第二名。（作表语） 注：序数词在使用时，通常前面要加定冠词 the；但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时，则表示“再——”，“又——”。 We''ll go over it a second time． 我们得再念第二遍。 We''ve tried it three times．Must we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了，还必须试一次（第四次）吗？ 另外，基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可，不需要添加定冠词。 the first lesson——Lesson One the fifth page——Page 5（five） the twenty-first room——Room 21（twenty-one） ---------------------------------- 二、时刻表示法 1. 表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的o''clock 5:00 读作 five o''clock 或 five 2. 表示几点过几分，在分钟后加past，再加小时 five past seven 七点过五分 half past six 六点半 a quarter past eight 八点过一刻 seven past eight 八点过七分 3. 表示几点差几分，在分钟后面加to，再加小时 ten to eight 差十分八点（七点五十分） a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点（十一点四十五分） twenty to six 差二十分六点（五点四十分） 在日常生活中，常用下列简单方法表示时间。 以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字。 6:31 读作 six thirty-one 10:26 读作 ten twenty-six 14:03 读作 fourteen o three 16:15 读作 sixteen fifteen 18:30 读作 eighteen thirty 23:55 读作 twenty-three fifty-five 注：时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法，这样就不需要用a.m.表示上午，p.m.表示下午了。 -------------------------------- 三、年月表示法 1. 世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示，也可以用定冠词加百位进数加''s表示 the sixth（6th）century 公元六世纪 the eighteenth（18th）century 公元十八世纪 the 1900''s 二十世纪 the 1600''s 十七世纪 这里，用百位数整数表示的世纪比这一百位阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪。 2. 年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成 in the 1930''s（in the thirties of the twentieth century或 in the nineteen thirties） 在二十世纪三十年代 in the 1860''s（in the sixties of the 19th century或 in the eighteen sixties） 在十九世纪六十年代 In the 1870''s when Marx was already in his fifties，he found it important to study the situation in Russia， so he began to learn Russian． 在十九世纪七十年代当马克思已经五十多岁时，他发现研究俄国的形势很重要，便开始学习俄语。 3. 表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期，可以在定冠词后，年代前添加 early，mid-，late in the early 1920''s 在二十世纪二十年代早期 in the mid-1950''s 在二十世纪五十年代中期 4. 年月日表示法 A．年份用基数词表示，一般写为阿拉伯数字，读时可以以hundred为单位，也可以以世纪、年代为单位分别来读。 1949 读作 nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或 nineteen forty-nine 1800 读作 eighteen hundred 253 读作 two hundred and fifty-three或two fifty-three 1902 读作 nineteen hundred and two或 nineteen o two 表示在哪一年，一般在年数前加介词in，使用year时，year放在数词之前。 in the year two fifty-three B.C. 在公元前253年 但是，通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯数字。 B. 月份，在哪个月用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份词表示。例如：in May在五月； in July在七月。为了简便起见， 月份与日期连用时，月份常用缩写形式表示。缩写形式除May，June，July外，其它的月份都由其前三个字母表示，但September除外。 January——Jan．一月 February——Feb．二月 March——Mar. 三月 April——Apr．四月 August——Aug．八月 September——Sept．九月 October——Oct．十月 November——Nov．十一月 December——Dec．十二月 注：这里缩写形式后面加点不能省略，因为它是表示缩写形式的符号。 C．日期用定冠词the加序数词表示。在哪一天要添加介词on。 National Day is on Oct. 1. 国庆节是十月一日。（读作 October first） 此句也可以表示为 National Day is on the 1st of October． May 5 五月五日（读作May fifth） 也可以表示为the fifth（5th）of May Mar. 1（st） 三月一日（读作March first或 the first of March） 5. 表示不具体、不确切的时间，如世纪、年代、年份、月份时，用介词in表示，表示具体确切的某一天用介词on表示 通常情况下morning，afternoon，evening等词前用介词in。但是，当这些词前后有一修饰限定的词作为定语，把它们限定 为某一天早晨、下午或晚上时，介词in应改为on。这里的修饰限定词可以是介词短语、名词、形容词、定语从句等。 On a cold morning，the old man died lonely in his house． 在一个寒冷的早晨，这个老人孤独地死在自己的房子里。 I don''t want to be disturbed on nights when I have to study． 我不愿意在我必须学习的晚上被打扰。 The accident happened on the afternoon of July 7． 这次事故发生在7月7日下午。 We are to have a small test on Monday morning． 星期一早晨我们将进行一次小测验。 --------------------------------- 四、加减乘除表示法 1. “加”用plus，and或add表示；“等于”用is，make，equal等词表示。 2+3=? 可表示为： How much is two plus three? 2+3=5 Two plus three is five． Two and three is equal to five． Two and three make five． Two added to three equals five． If we add two to/and three we get five． 二加三等于五 2. “减”用 minus或 take from表示 10－6＝? How much is ten minus six? 10-6=4 Ten minus six is four． Take six from ten and the remainder is four. Six (taken) from ten is four． 十减去六等于四 3. “乘”用time（动词）或multiply表示 3X4＝? How much is three times four? 3X4=12 Three times four is/are twelve． Multiply three by four，we get twelve． Three multiplied by four makes twelve． 三乘以四等于十二 4. “除”用divide的过去分词形式表示 16÷4=? How much is sixteen divided by four? 16÷4＝4 Sixteen divided by four is four． Sixteen divided by four equals/gives/makes four． 十六除以四等于四。 --------------------------- 五、分数表示法 1. 分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的。基数词作分子，序数词作分母，除了分子是“1”以外， 其它情况下序数词都要用复数形式。 3/4 three fourths或 three quarters 1/3 one third或a third 24/25 twenty-four twenty-fifths 3 1/4 three and one fourth或 three and one quarter 1/2 a half 1/4 one quarter或a quarter 1 1/2 one and a half 1 1/4 one and a quarter 2. 当分数后面接名词时，如果分数表示的值大于1，名词用复数；小于1，名词用单数。 1 1/2 hours 一个半小时（读作 one and a half hours） 2 3/4 meters 二又四分之三米（读作two and three-fourths meters） 4/5 meter 五分之四米 5/6 inch 六分之五英寸 3. 表示“n次方”的说法：指数用序数词，底数用基数词。 10的7次方 the seventh power of ten（ten to the seventh power） 6的10次方 the tenth power of six（six to the tenth power） ---------------------------- 六 、小数表示法 1. 小数用基数词来表示，以小数点为界，小数点左首的数字为一个单位，表示整数，数字合起来读；小数点右首 的数字为一个单位，表示小数，数字分开来读；小数点读作 point，o读作 zero或o［ou］，整数部分为零时，可以省略不读。 0.4 zero point four或point four 零点四 10.23 ten point two three 十点二三 25.67 twenty-five point six seven 二十五点六七 l.03 one point o three 一点零三 2. 当数字值大于1时，小数后面的名词用复数，数字值小于1时，小数后面的名词用单数。 1.03 meters 一点零三米 0.49 ton 零点四九吨 l.5 tons 一点五吨 --------------------------- 七、百分数表示法 百分数用基数＋percent表示 50％ fifty percent 百分之五十 3％ three percent 百分之三 0.12％ zero point one two percent 百分之零点一二 这里的percent前半部per表示“每一”，cent这一后半部分表示“百”，所以百分之几中percent不用复数形式。 --------------------------- 八、数量表示法 1. 表示长、宽、高、面积等，用基数词+单位词（meter，foot，inch，kilogram等）+ 形容词（long，wide，high等） 表示，或者用基数词+单位词 + in + 名词（length， width， height， weight等）表示。 two meters long或 two meters in length 2米长 three feet high或 three feet in height 3英尺高 four inches wide或 four inches in width 4英寸宽 This box is 2 kilograms in weight． 这个盒子有两千克重。 The city wall of Xi''an is 12 meters wide and 12 meters high． 西安城墙是12米宽，12米高。 2. 表示时间、距离时，使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。 five minutes'' walk 步行五分钟（的距离） It''s an hour''s ride from my hometown to our university． 从我的家乡到我们大学是乘车一小时的路程。 或：从我的家乡到我们大学需要乘车一小时。 It''s three kilometers'' distance from our campus to the Bell Tower. 从我们校园到钟楼有三公里远。 3. 表示温度时，用below zero表示零下温度，温度用基数词+degree（s）+单位词（centigrade摄氏或Fahrenheit华氏）表示。 thirty-six degrees centigrade或 36℃ 摄氏 36度 four degrees below zero centigrade或 -4℃ 摄氏零下4度 Water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit． 水在华氏三十二度时结冰。 Water boils at one hundred degrees centigrade． 水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。 这里的单位词在人们都很清楚是什么度量制度时，可以省略。 You are 37℃．（读作 thirty-seven degrees） 你是三十七度。（摄氏） It''s seven degrees below zero． 今天是零下七度。（摄氏） 4. 由数词和其他名词构成的名词性短语作定语时，其中的名词用单数形式，名词性短语中各部分间要用连字符“-”来连接。 It''s a five-minute walk from the library to the playground． 从图书馆到操场需要走五分钟。 She''s a sixteen-year-old girl． 她是个十六岁的女孩。 5. 表示“比···大（或）几倍”的说法。 This room is two times bigger than that one． 这个房间比那个（房间）大两倍。 The dictionary is four times thicker than that book． 这本词典比那本书厚四倍。 My age is two times older than his． 我的年龄比他大两倍。 --------------------------------- 是骡子是马 拉出来溜溜: 一、将下列数字写成英语： 1. 625 2． 8 961 3. 10 000 4. 20 405 5. 1/3 6. 5/6 7. 65％ 8. 1.25 二、选择填空。 1．March is ________month of a year． A． a three B． the third C． a third 2．We will have a meeting at 8:05_______． A．five to eight B．eight five C．eight o five 3．Eight plus eight is______________. A．sixteen B．sixty-four C．one 4．He is an ______________boy． A．eight years B．eight-year-old C．eight-years-old 5．We will have a___________ walk． A．ten minutes B．ten minutes'' C．ten-minutes 6．The wall is___________. A．four meters long B．four meter long C．four-meter long 7．What''s the date today? It''s__________． A．March the eight B．March eighth C．eight，March 8．It happened in the 1040''s． A． in the forties of the eleventh century． B． in the forties of the tenth century． C． in the forty 9．About_____________ of the earth''s surface is covered with water. A. three-fours B. three-fourth C. three-fourths 10. He went down to the village which was__________miles away from the city. A. three hundreds B. three hundred C. three hundreds of 答 案： 一、1．six hundred and twenty-five 2．eight thousand nine hundred and sixty-one 3．ten thousand 4．twenty thousand four hundred and five 5．one third（a third） 6．five sixths 7．sixty-five percent 8．one point two five 二、1. B; 2．C; 3．A; 4．B; 5．B; 6. A; 7. B; 8. A; 9．C; 1O．B 第六卷 第八章 ?????? 大学英语四级考试写作应试技巧 2001-04-11 16:51:39 英文锁定 写作的评分依据是：切题、条理、语言和字数。所谓切题就是看你写的作文是否跑题。所谓条理是指每一段的议论的正反清楚，说明的几个方面清楚，描述的时间正确。? 一、审题? 我们拿到作文后第一件事要做的就是审题。审题的作用在于使你的写作不跑题（如果跑题，条理和语言再好，也得不到及格分，甚至0分。）那么审题要审什么呢？? 1． 体裁 （议论文、说明文、描述文）? 审题就是要审作文的体裁和题材。因为什么样的体裁就会用什么样的题材去写。那么体裁包括哪些呢？就四、六级考试而言，它包括议论文、说明文和描述文。从近些年来看，四、六级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的杂合体。例如有一次四级写题是这样出的： Directions: For this part your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below:? （1） 做合格大学生的必要性? （2） 做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈） （3） 我打算这样做? 很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。我们认为说它是议论文是片面的。因为第一段要求写 “...必要性”，这说明本段体裁是议论文；第二段要求写“...必备条件”，这说明本段要求写说明文；而第三段要求写“...这样做”，说明 本段要求写的是描述文。所以我们说在大多数情况下，四、六级作文是三种体裁的杂合体。? 2．根据不同体裁确定写作方法? 我们审题的目的就在于根据不同的体裁来确定不同的写作方法。通过审题，我们可以看出四、六级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体、第二段为说明体、第三段为描述体。议论体有议论体的写作方式、说明体有说明体的写作方式、描述体也有它自身的写作特点。第一段为议论文：它的写作特点是要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两面来论述。例如上面题目的第一段的写作思路是：做合格大学生，会怎么样（这是从正面论述）；不能做倒合格大学生，会怎么样（从反面论述）；所以我们要做合格的大学生（结论）。第二段为说明文：它的写作特点是从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就跟某一机器的说明书一样通过1、2、3说明它的用途。就以上面的作文而言，我们从三个方面（德智体）来说明做合格大学生的必要性。第三段为描述文：以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。跟上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词。它要与第二段相呼应进行描述。? 二、主题句? 通过审题，我们知道了写作的思路。下边我们就谈怎么样写。第一步就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可能得及格分。写主题句最保险的方法就是把各要求句译成英语。例如上述作文的三段主题句分别为：? ☆ It is very necessary to be a good university student.(议论体主题句)? ☆ There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.（说明体的主题句）? ☆ What I will do in the future is the following.（描述题的主题句）? 如果要求句是英语就可以把它扩充成主题句，例如这样的一篇做文：? Good Health? （1） Importance of good health? （2） Ways to keep fit? （3） My own practice? 这样的作文的要求句就可以扩展成主题句。扩展后三段的主题句分别为：? ☆ It is very important to have good health. (将名词importance变成形容词important) ☆ There are four ways to keep fit for me.(用there be句型)? ☆ My own practices are the following.（采用原词）? 三、条理? 保证不跑题是写作当中第一重要任务，第二个重要任务就是条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚。对于说明文来说，1、2、3条要清楚，对于描述文要来，谁干什么要清楚。就拿上例Good Health来说，第一段保持正反面要清楚就应这样写：主题句（It is very important to have good health. 正面（With good health we can...） 反面(Without good health we can do nothing. We can''t do...)? 第二段应当这样写：主题句（There are four ways to keep fit.） 从几方面说明： Firstly we should have our breakfast in the morning. Second we should have a nap at noon. Third sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. And fourth we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to the music....）? 为了使文章更具关于条理性，我们可以用first(ly) second(ly) third(ly)等副词，他们可以使文章的条理性十分突出。作文是主观性题，要想得高分我们必须把评卷老师考虑进去。评卷老师的时间很短（每份卷子的作文只有一两分钟就要阅完），所以我们在列条条时最好不用：To begin with ... After that ... And then ... The next ... The following ... At last ...。因为用这样的词语不利于阅卷老师看出你作文的条理性。? 第三段应当这样写：主题句（My own practices are the following.）具体情况（主语为第一人称代词I，与第二段呼应） In the morning I have my breakfast . At noon I have a nap. And in the afternoon I always play football. In the evening I usually listen to the classic music.? 综上所述，如果我们按以上几节的方法去做，就可以保证及格以上分数。? 四、 十二句作文法? 在作文的评分标准中字数也是一个要求。四、六级的作文要求是要写出120-150字。对于这样的要求考生不必怕写不够。我们知道，四、六级作文大都是三段式。我们算一下，如果我们在每一段中写上四句话，即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。这样全篇在十二句左右。每一句十多个词，这样就是120-150字。同时，我们也提醒大家，不能写得太多，写得多容易跑题。在写作时，我们要横向写作，即写某一问题的横段面。例如，上面讲到健康的重要性时，我们只写四句就可以了。第一句主题句，第二句从正面论述，第三句从反面论述，第四句为结论句。但有的同学在写的时候说“健康非常重要，”然后就写“吃波莱非常重要”，因为波菜含有丰富的铁，铁对人是非常重要的，因为...。这样的作文的基本模式是A-B B-C C-D D-E以此类推。这就叫流水账，没有中心。我们写作时要根据横段面去写，而不要写成流水账。避免写成流水账的方法是不要就前一句中的一个非重点词再进行描述。而要对主题句从横段面去写，写完一个横段面就不要再对这一横段面进行阐述了，应当去写别一个横段面。? 如果我们感觉字数不够，就在每一句或某些句子上添加些词词就行了。例如我们感觉上边第二段不够长，就可以这样来加词：? 主题句There are four ways to keep fit.- There are four or more ways to keep fit for everyone of us. 从几方面说明： Firstly we should have our breakfast in the morning.- Firstly we should have our breakfast such as milk eggs bread and so on in the morning. Second we should have a nap at noon.- Secondly we should have a short nap even 30 minutes at noon. Third sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. - Thirdly sports exercises are necessary for everyone and we can do some sports exercises in the afternoon. And fourth we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to music. - And fourthly we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to both popular and classic music. ? 这样一来，我们只要保持本句的主题不变加添一些次要词就能达到字数的规定标准。(作者：王长喜 ) 第六卷 第九章 ?????? 单词卡 beach 海滩/白鸡找虫欢 bride 新娘/被人押到家 China 中国/茶花要哪株 chop 排骨/吃后期盼 dawn 黎明/到贼窝闹 fan 风扇/放在哪 excuse 原谅/积蓄才潇洒尽 haul 拉/孩子洗脸 model 模特/妹去打架了 scout 侦察/四川气象台 waist 腰/窝中有石头 width 广阔/无垠的天河 Asia 亚洲/战士要战 Atlantic 大西洋/侦探来找那头蚜虫 chew 咀嚼/车后旧袜 cold 寒冷/才去劳动 idiom 成语/一定要巧妙 lag 落后/老掌柜 colleague 同事/常去姥姥家找个小姐 afterwards 然后/丈夫逃进软卧找瑞典嫂 child 孩子/吃后要拉肚 consider 考虑/重庆女士应当嫁人 excite 兴奋/姐选出一头巾 happy 快乐的/孩子品评鱼 head 头/喊叫整党 idea 主意/有点价值 live 生活/理应爱家 marry 结婚/妹子仍入狱 need 需要/你姐姐到 news 消息/你舅忘说 read 阅读/人间指导 sale 出售/山中老酒 trade 商业/驼绒在弟家 wait 等待/五中丫头 ache 疼痛/照常喝酒 admit 承认/早稻没用土 bid 出价/不要多 pair 一对/胖贼咬人 scrap 报废/赛车仍在跑 share 分享/沙皇之肉鸡 what 什么/晚会糟透 defend 防卫/大将伏击牛顿 Africa 非洲/造反人有才智 bank 银行/帮助女客 burn 烧/巴西肉牛 care 小心/车中软件 command 命令/重庆妈妈找你爹 cruise 巡航/超人吸引三姐 delight 快乐/大姐老要跟后头 dusk 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hard 硬/汉子入党 absolute 完全的/照搬少奇理想跳级 like 喜欢/蓝衣空姐 bitter 痛苦的/白姨偷偷嫁人 neck 脖子/你姐常砍 cheer 愉快/撤换经纪人 office 办公室/请夫妇要擦净 dance 跳舞/爹只能参加 self 自己/设计礼服 edit 编辑/姐弟要逃 subdue 征服/上校必到新疆 farm 农场/服装热门 axis 中心线/在悬崖上 sister 姐妹/深夜商讨救人 cadre 干部/称赞动人姐 price 定价/派人要参加 damp 潮湿的/东站煤棚 pain 痛苦/排长要闹 game 游戏/规则没记 naked 裸体的/男子可见到 kiss 接吻/可以试试 knave 流氓/可能找二姐 tall 高/同志来了 govern 统治/官请二舅忍耐 taxi 出租车/停在悬崖 fear 害怕/封建主任 bribe 贿赂/白人用白姐 dress 衣服/当日就送嫂 comrade 同志/常去迷人指导家 career 事业/挫折仍旧坚韧 lass 情妇/来找叔叔 build 建造/八仙游览洞 boil 沸腾/兵全要来 feel 感觉/飞机降了 best 最好的/白酒上头 follow 跟随/父亲来楼前玩 brief 简短的/病人用酒法 harm 伤害/汉族人民 achieve 完成/侦察还要叫二姐 India 印度/洋奴到窑子 annual 每年的/灾农拿些杂粮 make 制造/苗族空姐 common 普通/瓷器妈妈去拿 preach 鼓吹/仆人集中伺候 decide 决定/冬季测验大姐 proud 骄傲的/仆人去险地 engage 订婚/妓女跟着歌妓 refuse 拒绝/儒教复兴世界 exhibit 展出/脚癣还要爸研讨 second 第二/书记常去内地 sing 唱/所有女工 skill 熟练/说客要来了 speak 说/受骗记者哭 stain 污点/石头在印尼 teach 讲授/天津中城隍 tear 眼泪/统计找人 toil 苦干/头去养老 use 使用/新设计 vote 选举/爱妻她舅 youth 青年/与妻小投河 serious 认真的/上级任用清醒叔 road 道路/如期中断 lock 锁/楼前车库 chief 领袖/常会要经费 dive 跳水/大爷爱叫 adopt 收养/朱德去炮台 yearn 渴望/遇见主人女 wool 羊毛/弯曲起来 village 乡村/二爷来了找歌妓 vegetable 蔬菜/二姐赶紧通知爸拉家 uncle 伯父/新年常来家 twice 两次/贪污要参加 tribe 部落/头人要拔尖 tobacco 烟草/特区部长常常取 tide 潮汐/提议登记 thirst 口渴/太后依然洒脱 tack 大头针/停止出口 swing 秋千/是我要弄鬼 stream 河流/生态仍旧瞩目 square 正方形/沙丘想找人建 snail 蜗牛/上农庄游览 smile 微笑/市民要拉架 slit 切开/塑料油桶 sire 陛下/使用软件 silk 丝绸/送游览客 shriek 尖叫/嫂忽然要讲课 scold 责骂/商场勤劳弟 Saturday 星期六/所长提醒瑞典职员 rumor 谣言/热心母亲嚷 rogue 流氓/仍去歌星家 remit 宽恕/人间美丫头 reckon 估计/如今乘客怯懦 radar 雷达/让总督转让 provoke 煽动/平壤弃儿娶空姐 pledge 保证/漂亮姐到哥家 petty 小的/配件偷偷运 persuade 劝说/婆家人烧校长的家 pause 暂停/拍照先生家 other 其他的/潜艇会加入 oral 口试/请人质来 often 经常/欺负特警女 number 数字/那些美兵叫嚷 neglect 忽视/南京官僚检查团 naughty 顽皮的/女贼笑哥会偷鱼 muscle 肌肉/明星时常拉架 much 许多/模型摧毁 moan 呻吟/母亲在闹 missile 导弹/盟友思索要拉家 miracle 奇迹/没有人赞成老舅 merry 愉快的/民警仍如愿 medal 奖章/妈叫爹砸了 meadow 牧场/民警找到拳王 magnify 夸大/满族姑娘有风韵 magic 魔法/名著哥要藏 luggage 行李/领袖哥哥早搁家 lose 遗失/利器上缴 leisure 空闲/老姐要熟悉软件 league 联盟/老将找个小姐 kidnap 绑架/可以打你招牌 journey 旅行/诀窍信任你教员 itch 痒/研讨迟缓 issue 发行/淫书上新疆 irony 讽刺/游人去纽约 internet 因特网/有难题叫乳娘解它 hydrogen 氢/海员当然去哥家拿 howl 嚎叫/后妻完了 hear 听到/汉奸抓人 handle 把手/还在你的老家 grind 磨碎/骨肉要弄到 grateful 感激的/工人整天揭发先烈 fridge 电冰箱/犯人一定改进 flame 火焰/焚粮在密窖 feed 喂养/福建姐弟 fatigue 疲劳/父子同意歌星姐 errand 任务/竟然让种牛痘 entreat 恳求/江南头人救总统 emperor 皇帝/急忙跑进人群嚷 elbow 肘/击联邦拳王 diary 日记/答应找人阅 diamond 钻石/东亚著名青年带 detail 细节/大姐通知姨了 defy 藐视/低级法院 cultivate 耕作/成效老头要儿子统计 crisis 危机/承认要试一试 counsel 讨论/常请修女上家来 cost 成本/常请嫂推 aluminium 铝/扎蓝线没有那样秀美 clarify 澄清/材料主任要贩运 chain 链条/残害自由女 cafe 咖啡馆/出租飞机 bellow 怒吼/八姐来了全完 barren 贫瘠的/白庄人人嫁女 avoid 避免/在案前诱导 April 四月/诈骗人要来 alcohol 酒精/炸烂瓷器好凄凉 acid 酸/早茶要倒 active 积极的/再次提议爱家 wrist 手腕/无人要使它 sorrow 悲痛/少奇仍然请我 satisfy 满意/师长同意上法院 strict 严格的/杀头人要查头 reply 回答/仍旧怕牢狱 tire 疲劳/头要软件 raid 袭击/人质用刀 usual 通常/先生想争论 ponder 沉思/胖妻弄到酒肉 ultimate 最终/先烈同意埋葬铁匠 pest 害虫/爬进石桶 rare 稀罕的/人造软件 paradise 天堂/骗子认真答应三姐 battle 战争/部长偷偷来家 opium 鸦片/强迫英雄买 zebra 斑马/走进白人中 nonsense 胡说/年青女收集脑神经 welcome 欢迎/我家老臣前门进 mutter 嘀咕/明星天天嫁人 update 更新/相片读者挑拣 motto 座右铭/目前天天瞧 tutor 导师/他想偷取肉 miser 守财奴/没有烧鸡肉 tiger 老虎/它要攻击人 melon 瓜/没叫老妻拿 taste 味道/天子试探急 marshal 元帅/马子认识坏长老 strip 剥光/尸体任意泡 machine 机器/猫只吃活鸭嫩鸡 sneer 嘲笑/少女经纪人 liquid 液体/洛阳球星要倒 small 小/市民在楼里 kindle 点燃/烤烟拿到老家 silver 银/上衣令爱叫扔 jail 监狱/局长要来 should 应该/杀害前线领导 island 岛屿/医生来找牛顿 idol 偶像/一定勤劳 decent 正派的/大姐参加闹腾 chat 聊天/常会暂停 cripple 瘸子/承认诱骗漂亮姐 half 一半/孩子理发 cordial 兴奋剂/重庆人答应治理 genius 天才/干将那样牺牲 chamber 会议室/窗户怎么不叫扔 first 第一/富有人杀头 billion 十亿/白杨林立一千年 estimate 评估/教师同意妹子统计 bacteria 细菌/班长成天叫嚷严重 endow 授予/今年的拳王 back 后面/爸在吃苦 dull 迟钝的/弟兄来了 afraid 害怕/战犯让战友打 devil 魔鬼/惦记二姨啦 widower 光棍/王爷打拳为佳人 第七卷 第一章 ?????? 英语习语集锦（一） a big fish in a small pond 小地方的大人物 例句：In her hometown she was a big fish in a small pond，but after she moved to New York she was just only one among many millions. 在她家乡，她很了不起。可是搬到纽约后，她就不过是芸芸众生之一了。 a stone''s throw 一箭之遥 例句： He lives only a stone''s throw from here. 他住的地方离这儿只有一箭之遥。 all gone 希望等的"消逝"， 物品等的"丢失"。 例句：My goodness! My bag is all gone. 天呀！我的包不见了。 Our hopes were all gone. 我们的希望成泡影了。 all for it 对别人的看法或意见"完全同意"，"完全赞成" 例句： Go ahead with your plan. I''m all for it. 进行你的计划吧， 我完全赞成。 all in all 常用的片语，表示"总的来说"，"总而言之"， 例句： He has his faults but all in all he is a good guy. as clear as mud 不清晰，混乱 例句：Your explanation is as clear as mud. 你的解释一点都不清晰。 as soft as down 柔软如绒毛 例句：I lay fast asleep on the couch which was as soft as down and did not wake until late in the morning. 我在软如绒毛般的长沙发椅上睡着了，一直睡到早晨很晚才醒来。 at full blast 全速地；大规模地 例句：When we visited the place work on the construction site was at full blast and all the workers seemed to be working very hard. 当我们去参观时，建筑工地的工作已经全面展开，而且所有的人都在忙碌着。 be above board 光明正大的 be crazy about 爱的发狂 例句： I am really crazy about Michael Jackson''s rock''n''roll. 我对麦克杰克逊的摇滚爱的发狂。 be for the birds 荒唐可笑的；毫无价值的 例句：Their opinions on art are simply for the birds. 他们对艺术的见解真是荒唐可笑。 beat it 叫人"走开"的口语，和"Be off!差不多，不过比后者更流行。 例句：He kept on bothering me so I told him to beat it. 他不停地烦我，因此我叫他走开。 beat ones brains (out) 指做事困难，"伤透了脑筋" 例句：I beat my brains (out) to get a job. 为了找寻工作，我伤透了脑筋。 beat sb to the draw 抢先某人行动 例句： Mary wanted to buy that painting by Picasso but another millionaire beat her to the draw. 玛丽想买毕加索的那幅画，不过另一个百万富翁捷足先登了。 beat someone by miles 远强于某人 例句：When it comes to fishing I beat him by miles. 讲到钓鱼，我比他棒得多。 beef 口语上常用来指"抱怨"或"发牢骚"；作动词时后面跟about. 例句：Tell me what''s your beef? 你抱怨什么？ before you know it 口语为"很快"。 例句：I come back before you know it. 我很快就会回来。 behave yourself 劝人要有礼貌和行为检点，意思相同的口语还有"Watch you manner.""Watch your P''s and Q''s".和"Don''t get fresh." 例句：Please behave yourself before the guests. 在宾客之前你检点一些。 behind bars 坐牢 例句：The judge will put him behind bars for at least two years. 法官最低限度也会判他坐两年牢。 behind the scenes（behind the curtain） 幕后 例句：He is the man behind the scenes. 他是幕后人物。 between ourselves 秘密地说 例句： Between ourselves there are no secrets. 咱们私下说说，没什么秘密。 beyond the seas 在国外，在海外 例句： He had a good time when he was beyond the seas. 他在国外时曾过得很快活。 butt in 插手，介入 例句： Pardon me for butting in on your conversation but this is important. 请原谅我打断了你们的谈话，不过这件事非常重要。 by and large 大体上，总的看来 例句： I cannot totally take your point，but by and large I think yours is reasonable. 我不能完全同意你的观点，但大体上你的观点是有道理的。 call the shots 做决断 例句： To be a leader you should know how to call the shots. 作为领导，你应该知道怎么做决断。 card up one''s sleeve 锦囊妙计 例句：Bill always has a card up one''s sleeve so whenever faced up with a puzzle he could find a way. 比尔总有锦囊妙计，所以任何时候遇到难题，他总能找到方法解决。 clown around 胡闹 例句： That boy is seldom serious about anything. He''s always clowning around. 这个男孩对任何事情都不认真，他总是胡闹。 cook up 虚构 例句：I have to cook up an excuse for being late for class. 我必须为上课迟到编个借口。 crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪，假慈悲 例句： Don''t shed crocodile tears over his misfortune I know you hate him. 不要假惺惺的为他的厄运假慈悲了， 我知道你恨他。 cry over spilled milk 为打翻的牛奶流泪 做无益的后悔 例句： I know that you have lost your purse but since it had happened let it go please don''t cry over spilled milk. 我知道你丢了钱夹，不过既然这件事已经发生了，就让它去，不要做无益的后悔。 down and out 穷困潦倒，孤苦无助 例句： People should lend him a helpful hand；he''s really down and out. 人们应该助他一臂之力，他已经穷困潦倒了。 eat like a bird 胃口小，吃的少 例句： Lily is very slim bacause she eats like a bird. 百合十分苗条，因为她吃的少。 far and away 毋庸置疑 例句： Tom is far and away the best lecturer in our department. 毋庸置疑，这是你们系最好的演讲者。 for good 永远 例句： smoke less everyday then you might be able to quit smoking for good. 每天少吸烟一点， 你就可能会永远戒掉烟。 get fired 炒鱿鱼 例句： The anchorman of the BBC network''s evening news got fired. 我听说CBC电视网的晚间新闻主播被炒鱿鱼。 get it (all) together 不慌不忙；沉着冷静 例句：I hope he gets it all together soon. His life is a mess. 我希望他尽快地安定下来。他的生活一团糟。 get one''s goat 使人发怒或厌恶 例句： It really got Mr. Brown''s goat when he had to wait two hours to get his plane tickets. 不得不等上两个小时才拿到飞机票实在是让布朗先生生气。 get out of the bed on the wrong side 指平时脾气好的人突然变得很暴躁，难以相处 例句：What''s the matter with you today? Have you got out of the bed on the wrong side. 你今天怎么啦？为什么乱发脾气？ give an ear to 听一听 例句： The owner of the factory gave an ear to the complaints of the workers. 工厂老板倾听了工人们的抱怨。 grasp at a straw 抓救命稻草 例句： The criminal tried to grasp at a straw by feigning mental disorder. 罪犯装疯，企图抓住一根救命稻草。 guts 勇气 美国人习惯用的口语，英国人则多用courage。 第七卷 第二章 ?????? 英语习语集锦（二） hang in the balance 未见分晓 例句： After the surgery the patient became very sick and her life hung in the balance for nearly a week. 手术后，那个病人非常虚弱，将近一个星期他的生命在垂危中。 hang-up （情感上的）障碍 大难题 例句： Mary has a real hang-up about cats and doesn''t like to be in the same room with them. 玛丽对猫有一种摆脱不掉的厌烦，因此不愿意和猫在同一个房间。 high and dry 被抛弃的，处于痛苦之中的 例句： George took all the money away and left his companions high and dry，with nothing to buy the tickets. 乔治带走了所有的钱，把他的同事抛弃了，连买车票的钱也没有。 high and low 到处 例句： I looked high and low for my pen，but I couldn''t find it anywhere. 我到处找我的钢笔，但我怎么也找不到它。 hit upon 偶然想出 例句： He crouched there for a long time before he hit upon a plan to defeat his antagonist. 他蹲在那里很长一段时间后，突然想出了一个挫败他对手的计划。 in a bind 窘迫 例句： when he asked me to marry him I felt in a bind. 当他向我求婚时， 我感到很窘迫。 in the dog house 窘迫，陷入困境 例句： The whole team was in the doghouse because they lost the game. 由于输掉了比赛，整队都陷入困境。 in luck 幸运 例句： Mary dropped her glasses and they did not break so she was in luck. 玛丽的眼镜掉在地上而没有摔坏，所以她是幸运的。 ins and outs 错综复杂事物的因果 例句： After careful investigation he got to know the ins and outs of the accident. 经过仔细的调查，他终于弄清了事件的前因后果。 It''s in God''s hands 听天由命 例句： It''s in God''s hands and we have prepared for the worst. 听天由命吧， 我们已经做最坏的准备了。 Lay stress on / upon 着重，重视 例句： In his speech Mr. Brown laid stress on the sagacity of cats. 布朗先生在他的讲座里强调了猫的灵性。 let sleeping dogs lie 莫惹是非 例句： Don''t tell the teacher what you have done. Let sleeping dogs lie. 不要告诉老师你做了什么。莫惹是非。 lose one''s temper 发脾气 例句： he lost his temper when he broke the key in the lock. 他把钥匙弄断在锁里了，就发起了脾气。 make ends meet 使收支平衡 例句： I have to take two part-time jobs at the same time to make ends meet. 为了收支平衡， 我不得不同时作两份兼职。 make use of 使用，利用 例句： He will make use of all the odds and ends. 他会利用所有这一切零碎东西。 monkey business 胡闹 例句： he told the boys to quit their monkey business or he would call a teacher. 他告诉那些男孩子不要再胡闹，不然他就叫老师。 第七卷 第三章 ?????? 英语习语集锦（三） on and off 间断地 例句： It rained on and off all day long。 今天断断续续地下着小雨。 on the up and up 坦率，诚实 例句：How can we know whether a person is on the up and up by his appearance! 从一个人的外表我们怎么能知道他是坦率的呢！ out and about 户外活动 例句： Mr Smith recovers quickly，and he''ll be out and about very soon. 史密斯先生复原得很好，很快他就能到户外活动了。 out and out 完全地，彻底地 例句：What I said is an out and out truth. 我说的全都是事实。 out of sorts 发脾气的 例句： Don''t talk to him he is out of sorts. 别跟他说话，他在发脾气。 out of temper 发怒的，发脾气 例句： The children were frightened to find him out of temper. 孩子们一见他发脾气，都吓坏了。 over and over 多次地，重复地 例句：The foreigner repeated what he said over and over，but I still couldn''t understand him. 外国朋友一遍一遍地重复，但我仍然没有听懂他说什么。 pull one''s leg 愚弄 例句： If you remain stuck-up they will often try to pull your leg. 假如你还是目中无人的话，他们会常常想愚弄你的。 put away 把…收起来 例句： Put away the heavy clothes. The weather is becoming much warmer. 把厚衣服收起来吧， 天气越来越暖和了。 set the world on fire 做显赫的事情 例句： People do not count him as a hero for he has not set the world on fire. 人们并不把他看作民族英雄，因为他并未做出惊天动地的事情。 silly as a goose 像鹅一样蠢 例句：Since he is as silly as a goose he will not get a promotion. 既然他如此的不开窍，他肯定得不到提升的。 slip of the tongue 说溜了嘴 例句： The mayor really made a slip of the tongue! 市长可真是说溜了嘴了！ so long as 只要 例句： Any man will be equal to the task so long as he is careful. 任何人都会胜任这个工作，只要他细心。 stand one''s ground 坚持己见；坚守阵地 例句： John''s friends said he was mistaken but he stood his ground. 约翰的朋友都说他错了，可是他仍然坚持己见。 take a chance 冒险 例句： We will take a chance on the weather and have the party outdoors. 我们将冒天气的险在室外聚会。 through and through 完全地，充分地 例句：You can trust him，for he''s honest through and through. 你可以信任他，他是真正诚实的。 turn the cold shoulder on 冷淡 例句：He will not turn the cold shoulder on me when I am in trouble. 他不会在我困难时疏远我。 up and about 病愈 例句： I''m much better now，I''ve been up and about for almost a week. 我现在感觉好多了，我已经病愈差不多一个星期了。 ups and downs 盛衰，浮沉 例句： Life is hard．There are a lot of ups and downs in one''s life. 生活是艰辛的，生活中充满了大多的盛衰的浮沉。 waste one''s breath 白费唇舌 例句： it''s no use talking to him you''ll only waste your breath. 和他谈话没有一点用处，你只是在白费唇舌。 You can''t beat it. 这是第一流的，比不上的。 You can''t beat me. 表示自己了不起。 例句：When it comes to playing football you can''t beat Billy. 论踢足球，没有人比得上比利。 (完)